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SCHOOL MUSEUMS
First opened in St. Louis, school museums served as the hub for visual instructional resources. These included portable museum exhibits, stereograph, slides, films, study prints, and charts which were used to supplement classroom instructions (Saettler, 1968). -
INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS
The first catalog of instructional films was published (Reiser and Dempsey, 2017, p. 9). Instructional films became a popular learning strategy and resource. -
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MOVEMENT: VISUAL INSTRUCTIONS
5 journals were published on visual instructions.
20 teacher-training institutes began offering courses in visual instruction.
12 large-city school systems developed bureaus of visual education (Saettler, 1990).
Faced several challenges including resistance from teachers Cuban (1986). -
INSTRUCTIONAL RADIO
The introduction of instructional radio. -
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MOVEMENT: AUDIOVISUAL INSTRUCTIONS
Radio broadcasting, sound recordings, and sound motion pictures became popular and were incorporated into the learning environment. -
LEARNING THEORY: SCHEMA THEORY
Introduced by Fredric Bartlet but later refined by Richard Anderson in the 1970s, the Schema Theory focuses on how learners use existing schemas to interpret events and solve problems, and develop new and more complex schemas through experience and learning. -
The ESTABLISHMENT OF AECT
The three existing national professional organizations for visual instruction merged to form the Department of Visual Instruction (DVI), currently the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT). -
LEARNING THEORY: COGNITIVISM
Introduced by Jean Piaget, Cognitivism laid the foundation for the Cognitive Information Processing Theory. -
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WORLD WAR II
The Audiovisual Movement shifted from the classroom to the military setting. -
LEARNING THEORY: BEHAVIORISM
B. F. Skinner proposed the Operant Learning Theory in his in his book "The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis." Behaviorism is founded on the belief that learning can be understood, explained, and predicted entirely on the basis of observable events, i.e., the learner's behavior, its environmental antecedents and consequences (Reiser and Dempsey, 2017, p. 53) -
WWII: Instructional Media
Overhead projectors, slide projectors, audio equipment, simulators and training devices were widely used. Over 400 training films and 600 filmstrips were produced the U.S. Army Air Force. -
DIVISION OF VISUAL AIDS FOR WAR TRAINING
The federal government established the Division of Visual Aids for War Training in 1941. -
THEORIES OF COMMUNICATION
Proposed by Shannon and Weaver, ToC focused on the communication process, a process involving a sender and a receiver of a message, and a channel, or medium, through which that message is sent (Reiser and Dempsey, 2017, p. 10). -
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INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION
Funded by the Ford Foundation and its agencies. -
EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION PROGRAMMING
In 1952, the Federal Communications Commission to set aside 242 television channels for educational purposes. -
PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
B.F. Skinner posits that programmed instructional materials, should present instruction in small steps, require active responses to frequent questions, provide immediate feedback, and allow for learner self-pacing (Reiser & Dempsey, 2017, p. 13). -
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MOVEMENT: PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
Believed to have introduced the systems approach to education (Reiser & Dempsey, 2017, p. 13). -
BLOOM'S TAXONOMY
Benjamin Bloom collaborated with Max Englehart, Edward Furst, Walter Hill, and David Krathwohl to publish a framework for categorizing learning goals. The framework features six major categories: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation. -
POPULARIZATION OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Robert Mager saw the need to teach educators how to write instructional objectives. Thus, he published a book entitled, "Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction" (Mager, 1962). -
INTRODUCTION OF CRITERION-REFERENCED TESTING
Robert Glaser was the first to use criterion-reference testing measures. He believed that CRTs could be used to assess student entry-level behavior and to determine the extent to which students had acquired the behaviors an instructional program was designed to teach (Reiser & Dempsey, 2017, p. 14). -
IDT DEFINITION: FIRST APPROVED
AECT published the first definition of IDT. It was the first to be approved by the major professional organizations within the field of educational technology. The definition focused on the "design and use of messages which control the learning process". -
GAGNE'S THEORIES OF INSTRUCTIONS
In his publication, "The Conditions of Learning", Gagne described the Five Domains of Learning Outcomes and the Nine Events of Instruction -
THE BIRTH OF FORMATIVE ASSESSMENTS
In response to the launching of Sputnik, the United States government poured millions of dollars into improving math and science education in the United States (Reiser & Dempsey, 2017, p. 15). Owing to its poor success, Michael Scriven advocated for the tryout and revision process of instructional materials which her term "formative evaluation" (Reiser & Dempsey, 2017, p. 15). -
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THE ADOPTION OF A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO IDT
Instructional design adopted a systematic approach which saw the emergence of several IDT Models including the Dick & Carey Design Model and ADDIE. -
IDT DEFINITION: AECT
It means the media born of the communications revolution which can be used for instructional purposes alongside the teacher, textbook, and blackboard . . . The pieces that make up instructional technology [include]: television, films, overhead projectors, computers, and other items of “hardware” and “software” . . . (p. 21) -
LEARNING MODEL: COGNITIVE INFORMATION PROCESSING
Rooted in the foundation of the Information Processing Theory, CIP rose to prominence during the 1970s. It emphasizes how practitioners can incorporate strategies into their instructional designs that direct attention, facilitate encoding and retrieval, and provide practice in a variety of contexts (Reiser & Dempsey, 2017, p. 54). -
LEARNING THEORY: CONSTRUCTIVISM
Introduced by Piaget (1973) and Vygotsky (1978), Constructivism is based on the perception that learning is an active, social activity process that yields meaningful gains through real-world experiences that occur because of cognitive conflicts or challenges requiring higher-order thinking skills. Focus is placed on identifying the problem, the environment, the learner’s role, and the instructor’s role as a set of prescriptions for designing instructions. -
IDT MODEL: A.D.D.I.E.
Although not a true IDT model, the A.D.D.I.E. framework supports the systematic design of instructions. The model, created by the Center for Educational Technology at Florida State University for the U.S. Army, represents the systematic approach of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. -
IDT DEFINITION: AECT
"Instructional technology is more than the sum of its parts. It is a systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the whole process of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives, based on research on human learning and communication, and employing a combination of human and nonhuman resources to bring about more effective instruction." (p. 21) -
DICK & CAREY DESIGN MODEL
Dick & Carey created a model for systematically designing instruction which is still popular today. -
COMPUTERS FOR INSTRUCTIONS
Although computers were first used in education and training at an earlier date, widespread interest in the computer as an instructional tool began in the 1980s (Reiser & Dempsey, 2017, p. 11) -
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MOVEMENT: HUMAN PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT
The Human Performance Improvement Movement/ Human Performance Technology Movement rose to prominence in the 1990s. -
IDT DEFINITION: AECT
Focused on viewing IDT beyond a Process. Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning. (p. 1) -
THE BIRTH OF E-LEARNING
Elliott Masie coined the term E-Learning at his TechLearn Conference at Disneyworld (Gutierrez, 2014). -
THE INTERNET
The use of the internet for learning environment
led to significant growth in online learning in higher education, business and industry, and K-12 schools. -
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TREND: USING THE INTERNET FOR INSTRUCTIONS
This has yielded significant growth in online learning in higher education, business and industry, and K-12 schools. Led to the realization that instructional designers play a vital part in the creation of online courses (Reiser & Dempsey, 2017, p. 16). -
MOBILE LEARNING PROJECT
The European Commission launched the Mobile Learning Project to investigate the potential of mobile education (AllenComm, 2024). The findings were later published in 2007. -
LEARNING THEORY: CONNECTIVISM
Proposed by George Siemens, connectivism is founded on the theory that learning results from the ongoing development of a richer and richer neural tapestry. Thus, seven principles guide the application of connectivism in individual and organizational settings (Reiser & Dempsey, 2017, p. 58). -
IDT DEFINITION: AECT
AECT defines Educational technology as the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources. -
LEARNING THEORY: SITUATED LEARNING
Proposed by Robbins & Aydede as an emergent trend in the cognitive sciences, Situated Learning Theory posits that learning relies more on social and cultural determinants than individual psychology. Thus, learning requires active participation in one's community and environment. -
TREND: UPTICK IN ONLINE K-12 COURSE ENROLLMENTS
19% of middle school students took at least one online course in 2010, an uptick from 9% in 2008.
30% of high school students took at least one online course in 2010, an uptick from 10% in 2008. -
TREND: INCREASE IN ONLINE TRAINING COURSES
28% of the training was delivered online, an uptick from 13% in 2003 (Reiser & Dempsey, 2017, p. 12). -
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TREND: MOBILE DEVICES FOR INSTRUCTIONS
Increased use of smartphones and tablets in the delivery of instruction in educational and corporate settings (Reiser & Dempsey, 2017, p. 12). -
IDT DEFINITION: REISER AND DEMPSEY
Focuses on the analysis of learning and performance problems, and the design, development, implementation, evaluation and management of instructional and non-instructional processes and resources intended to improve learning and performance in a variety of settings, particularly educational institutions and the workplace. -
COVID-19 PANDEMIC
The COVID-19 pandemic led to the immediate shift in instructional delivery from face-to-face to fully online. This further resulted in heavy dependence on online, e-learning and m-learning instructional design and resources. -
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TREND: PROJECTED GROWTH IN THE FIELD OF IDT
There has been a significant increase in interest in the field of Instructional Design and Technology in both educational settings and corporate settings. -
DEMAND FOR INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGNERS
Since the Covid-19 pandemic, there has been a surge in the demand for instructional designers and instructional design products in the education and corporate worlds.