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The Gunpowder Plot
The gunpowder plot was created by a group of conspirators who committed an act of treason against King James I and the Parliament. There was a ceremony where King James would be at the Parliament of London. The plot was to blow up 36 barrels of gunpowder in the cellar to kill the king and the people of parliament. Another conspirator Guy Fawkes was ordered to protect and light the gun powder. The King found out and he was caught, tortured, and hung along with many of the other men. -
The Battle of Marston Moorse
The Battle of Marston Moors was the first real loss for the Royalists in the English Civil War. It took place in York. The Roundheads outnumbered the Cavaliers in infantry by the thousands. Oliver Cromwell attacked With a troop of calvary from behind and moved to the center, crushing Lord George Goring’s Calvary troops. -
King Charles I Execution
King Charles I was accused of treason in a court full of his enemies and sentenced to death after the English Civil War. He had three days to say goodbye to family and whatever else he needed to do. The day he was executed was very cold so he wore thicker shirt so he would not appear afraid by shivering. He was executed by the Guillotine (which was used to behead people) in St. James Park. This was the first execution of a King in England. -
End of the Commonwealth
The military dictator Oliver Cromwell was ruler of England for five years. He was ruler during the commonwealth after the English Civil War. He heavily limited the freedoms of the people & had the perks of a king but without the title. People hated the Commonwealth & Cromwell but couldn't do anything because his military power was too great to beat. He died September 3, 1658 & his corpse was dug out & his head severed from his body. It ended when his son Richard resigned as Lord Protector. -
King Charles II Coronation
After Richard Cromwell resigned as Lord Protector, it was decided that a monarch would be restored. That is why this period of time was called "The Restoration". The rightful and next heir was Charles II son of King Charles I. When he became King of England he was 30 years of age. During his reign, he was called the "Merry Monarch" because he restored freedoms, partying, and overall fun. He also worked closely with Parliament which made him much more popular and gave the country more success. -
William and Mary sign the English Bill of Rights
After King Charles II death, James II became king. During his reign he is open about his Catholicism & Parliament didn't approve. They had William (Netherlands ruler) & Mary (James II daughter) take over. They had them rule because they were Puritans. James II found out & fled. William & Mary were to become co-rulers. Parliament wouldn't let them unless they signed the Bill of Rights (which makes Parliament more powerful than the monarch). So they signed it and became the rulers of England. -
The first British Canal
The Sankey Canal was the first canal made in Britain. It was first known as the Sankey Brook Navigation and then later the St Helens Canal. It was the first new canal in England and was more famous than the Bridgewater canal. It was closed in 1963 and the construction started in 1755. It was 1.5 miles long. the arches were 70 feet high. -
End of the Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was a period of time that was known as the "Age of Reason". This scientific revolution convinced europeans to use reason to study human nature and society. The attitude was a desire for logic, consistency, rejection of emotions, preference for evidence, interest in science & math, greco roman admiration, and preference of the artificial over nature. The style was very precise in patterns & shapes and no messiness. Many philosophers influenced the Enlightenment & human reason. -
The Tennis Court Oath
The Tennis Court oath was a deadlock result of the Estates General . The Estates General was a meeting that consisted of all three of the Estates that came together to discuss topics involving France. The Tennis Court oath was made by the Third Estate when they were blocked out of the meeting. They met at a Tennis Court and made an oath to stay there until a written constitution was made for France. The King eventually caved and promised to but later didn't which fueled the French Revolution. -
The Storming of The Bastille
Before the destruction of the building, the Bastille was used as a prison that held political prisoners. During the storming of the Bastille, there were only seven prisoners. The reason it was attacked was because the people wanted gunpowder and most of it was stored in the prison. So an angry mob of people took over the Bastille and got the gunpowder. The Bastille was a symbol of the monarchs rule. Even today France still celebrates Bastille day. -
The March of the Women
The March of the women (or the Bread March) was a protest about the price of bread. Parisian women had marched to Versailles where the King was. They had overwhelmed the palace guards with their numbers and forced the King and his family to come back to Paris and never come back. Of course this did not last forever but it fueled revolution spirit and proved the power they had even over the King himself. -
The Origin of Species published
The Origin of Species was written by Charles Darwin. It is considered to be the start of evolution biology. It produced this theory that organisms evolve a through “natural selection”. Darwin’s work influenced countless other scientists and has changed the world of science as a whole. -
The death of Queen Victoria’s husband Prince Albert
Prince Albert was The first cousin and the husband of the queen of England, queen Victoria. He was born in Bavaria. He played a role in many of the affairs of England and was A huge help to queen Victoria during her role. He was diagnosed with Typhoid and died on December 14, 1861. Some think that he had actually died of Crohn’s disease. After Prince Alberts death, Queen Victoria mourn for another 40 years and wore black for the rest of her life. -
The Day that the Suez Canal was completed
The Suez Canal influence Britain’s interest in Egypt. The canal and the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea and shorten the trip from Europe to The Indian ocean. Because of it there was no need to sale around south Africa which was a long and rough trip. In 1880 to the Egyptian government was unstable so British use this as an opportunity to take over. Once they did, they started building the Suez Canal and it changed the traveling for trade and merchandise throughout Europe for years. -
Finding Dr. Livingston
Dr Livingston was an Scottish Christian missionary and explorer that went on an a exploration in Africa and lived away from England and his family for 32 years. Because he was gone so long, many speculated he had died. Because of this, Henry Stanley was sent to Africa by the New York Herald to find Livingston. He started in his journey in 1869. When arrived at the village that Livingston was at, he said the infamous lines, “Dr. Livingston I presume”. The doctor never returned to England. -
The first telephone call
Alexander Graham Bell invented the first telephone. The first call he ever made on it was in New York and he made a call to Chicago. On the call, Bell’s assistant said "Mr. Watson--come here--I want to see you". This line was repeated on other calls made after this call as an opening line. -
The first use of the phonograph
Thomas Edison made the phonograph based off of the invention by Edouard-Leon Scott’s called the phonautograph, telegraph, and the telephone. Edison used a needle that recorded the sound onto a tin foil cylinder. Then a second needle replayed the sounds on the phonograph. The main purpose of the phonograph was to record sounds and then replay sounds. Edison bought the patent for the phonograph and it was then produced and sold but it didn’t become super popular until more changes were made on it. -
The End of the Berlin Conference
The purpose of the Berlin Conference was to settle disagreements between the European countries because they were all competing for territory. European leaders met in Berlin to regulate colonization & trade in Africa. African leaders weren’t invited to the meeting. In the end they agreed to & slave trade in Africa British colonies Britain got most of the valuable land in Africa including Egypt. Ethiopia & Liberia are the only independent countries. -
Alfred Dreyfus arrived at Devil’s Island
Alfred Dreyfus was a Jewish French captain who was accused of working with the German embassy and spying on the French. This was considered as treason and even though he was innocent and do not have much evidence against him, they made up evidence and he was tried and convicted of treason and sent to Devils Island of French Guiana. Devils Island was used as a prison for criminals. Alfred Dreyfus lived on Devils Island for five years. -
The Publishing of the "White Mans Burden"
"White Mans Burden" is a poem that was written by Rudyard Kipling. The poem was written about imperialism in the Philippine Islands. It was written in England and had a great impact on anti-imperialists. The Senator in England used this poem as reason against the Treaty of Paris. He also wanted to renouce Americas authority of the Philippines. This poem was extrmely controversial at that time due to the input of race in the poem and also because of the imperialistic ideas insertedin it. -
The End of the Boer War
The Boers were Dutch settlers that lived in a region of South Africa in the 1600s. The British met opposition to land claims in South Africa. Gold was discovered in the late 1800s which motivated them to colonize in that area. The Boers refused to grant political rights to foreigners. The British tried to take Boer territory & that’s when war broke out in 1899. The Boers were out numbered & Britain won. Later, Boer territory became the self governed Union of South Africa under British control. -
The first flight
Wilbur and Orville Wright were the first to successfully create an airplane that flew safely and work. They did four short flights in the same day. The flights all took place in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Technically the first successful flight was done by Wilbur Wright because he had won the coin toss with his brother Orville which determined who would go first. -
End of the Russo-Japanese War
The Japanese were opposed to the Russian Trans-Siberian railway that crosses Manchuria. This was the main cause for the war. Japan destroyed Russian fleet off the coast of Korea. They won major battles at sea, but Russia succeeded on land battles. They created the Treaty of Portsmouth which ended the war. Japan got major concessions and it annexed Korea. The Russians blamed the Czar and the political situation which lead to the Russian Revolution. Japans victory started Asian Nationalism. -
The End of King Leopold II Congo Dictatorship
Central Africa Congo Freestate was a free region until the king of Belgium, Leopold the second claims the territory. We are both created personal fortune using Kongos resources. He force natives to work for him as basically slaves. European & American demand for river increased & the Congo had those resources so he sold it. Millions died from overworking, disease, and downright abuse. Eventually, international Belgium government to take control of the Congo and Leopold lost his dictatorship. -
Germany’s invasion of Belgium
Germany plans to invade France by crossing through Belgium to get there. They expected France to be easy defeat, but they were very wrong. The issue with Germany going through Belgium, was that they had a neutrality pact with Belgium, that they broke when invading. The treaty of Versailles which ended World War I, also ended Belgium’s neutrality. -
The Armenian genocide
The Armenians did well under Ottomans and we’re wealthier and more educated which caused resentment and suspicion towards their loyalty to the empire.The Turks in the Ottoman Empire Muslims and the Armenians were Christian. Because of the war, the genocide did not get enough attention. Men and women were slaughtered. Women are raped, and many children were forced to be Muslim instead of Christian. The 2 million population went down to 388,000. -
The death of Edith Cavell
Edith Cavill was a British nurse credited with saving soldiers from both sides of WW1 without discrimination. She helps 200 allied soldiers escape from German occupied Belgium. She was famous for her compassion and her bravery to except patients from both sides of such a gruesome war. She was caught and put on trial. When proven guilty, she was executed by firing squad. Her death got lots of press and backlash. Despite her actions, she was a pioneer of modern nursing in Belgium. -
Gallipoli Campaign
The Gallipoli campaign was a military campaign. Britain France and Russia want to take over the Ottoman Empire. The British and French operation was to capture the ottoman capital of Constantinople (Istanbul), to acquire a sea route to Russia. When they invaded, the fight lasted for eight months. The plan failed, and it was a extremely great victory for the turks. But unfortunately there was heavy casualties; amounting to about 250,000 deaths on each side. -
The first day of the Somme
The battle of the Somme took place in World War I and is famous for its colossal amount of casualties in such a short period of time. The French and the British attacked the German near the Somme. The plan was to capture the Germans and then be on the defensive on the Albert–Bapaume road. The attack from the French & the British on both sides of the Somme was successful. The Germans treated that day. There was 60,000 British casualties on that day and over 1 million deaths in five months. -
The death of “Mata Hari”
Margaretha Geertruida Zelle, better known as “Mata Hari” what is a Dutch exotic dancer and a courtesan. She was claimed to be a spy for Germany in WWI. She will get her information by her dancing and being around men that were comfortable talking about politics and secrets in the war around her. She accused of being a spy, held on trial, executed by firing squad. The whole situation got a lot of flak because she was a woman. But documents found later in time proved she was a spy for Germany. -
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
This treaty was a peace treaty signed by the bolsheviks in Russia, and the other central powers. The treaty’s purpose was to remove Russia from World War I. The terms included giving up Ukraine, Georgia, Finland, Poland and the Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia to Germany and Austria-Hungary, Kars, Ardahan and Batum to Turkey. Many thought the treaty was unfair but they had no choice since Russia’s military was in shambles. -
The closing of the necropolis railway station
The Necropolis railway station opened in 1854 and it was used to transport the deceased from out of London and back. The ride was 23 miles and the duration of the journey was about 40 minutes. It was a pretty viewed ride for the passengers (the loved ones of the dead person). It was in use for a whole entire 87 years and was used just about every day during its use.
