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White Primary is Abolished in GA
The White Primary was a system of forbidding blacks to vote in Primary Elections that became active after the Civil War. It was ruled by the US Supreme Court that White Primary Systems were unconstitutional and were immediately eliminated in Georgia. In addition, the 1946 Primary became the 1st Georgia Primary where blacks could vote right after receiving their new voting rights.
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2716&hl http://tw0.us/VR -
Integration of the Armed Forces
On July 26, 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed the Executive Order 9981, which ordered an integration of the Militias and US Army.Truman signed the Executive Order because many African-American soldiers were enlisted in the US Army and were needed to pilot planes and fight in combat.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegregation http://tw0.us/W7 -
Brown vs. Board of Education
This case made its way to the US Supreme Court and involved the Browns, Thurgood Marshall, and the Board of Education of Topeka. The results of the case were a great victory for the Brown family and Lawyer Marshall. The US Supreme Court ruled that Racial Segregation was a violation of the 14th amendment. This ruling became a breakthrough for integration and the Civil Rights Movement.
http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/early-civilrights/brown.html http://tw0.us/W8 -
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. were the main people involved in the Montgomery Bus Boycotts. They and many other citizens were protesting for their rights to be able to sit wherever they feel on a bus. The results of the Bus Boycotts were victorious. In 1956, the US Supreme Court abolished all segregated busing throughout the nation.
http://www.ushistory.org/us/54b.asp http://tw0.us/WA
http://www.ushistory.org/us/54b.asp -
Change to GA’s State Flag
The 1956 flag's change would go from the 1920’s flag of the state’s seal with a background of blue and red and white stripes to the old Confederate flag from Civil War times. Some thought of it as an honorable act of recognizing the 100th anniversary of the Civil War. However, others thought it was symbolic for the opposition against integration in Georgia.
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp http://tw0.us/S0 -
Crisis at Central High School and the “Little Rock Nine”
The cause of the crisis was the large gathering of mobs surrounding the school threatening to lynch the 9 black students. The Little Rock Nine was a group of 9 black students who were accepted into Central High after the Brown v. Board of Education ruling. With large mobs gathered at Central High, the Little Rock Nine had to be escorted into the school by the National Guard to prevent a violent outbreak.
http://tw0.us/ST http://tw0.us/WB -
Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in ATL bombed
On October 12, 1958, the Temple of Atlanta, GA had exploded. Many parts of the temple suffered minor damage, while some other parts of the building were completely destroyed. The congregation was targeted because the bombers were anti-Semitists and had a great hatred towards the Rabbi of the Temple, Rabbi Rothschild. One of the alleged bombers even wrote a threatening note to the Rabbi, which was later found in the Rabbi’s home.
http://tw0.us/Te http://tw0.us/VL -
Sibley Commission
The Sibley Commission was established because most of Georgia’s schools had refused to integrate and to discover why there was problem with school integration. The Commission was headed by John Sibley and interviewed Georgians to see what they thought of school integration. It was revealed that the majority of Georgians interviewed would rather shut down schools than have them integrated.
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2617 http://tw0.us/WD -
Integration of the University of Georgia
Governor Vandiver, Charlayne Hunter, and Hamilton Holmes were involved in UGA’s integration. Hunter and Holmes were to be the first black students to attend UGA. They were immediately admitted on January 6, 1961. In response to Hunter and Holmes’s admission to UGA, an angry mob gathered outside of Hunter’s dorm and damaged a lot of Hunter's property. As a result, Hunter and Holmes were still allowed to attend UGA and those who rioted were condemned.
http://crdl.usg.edu/event http://tw0.us/WI -
Freedom Rides
Ordinary people, black and some white, who called themselves, Freedom Riders, were involved in Freedom Rides. They were testing the US Supreme Court by allowing black Freedom Riders to sit in the front of buses, and letting white Freedom Riders sit in the back. At rest stops, blacks would use “whites only” restrooms and whites would use “blacks only” restrooms. As a result, these acts caused riots and beatings of the Freedom Riders and enforced arrests.
http://tw0.us/WF http://tw0.us/WG -
Albany Movement
The protesting in Albany, GA took place in Nov. 1961 and involved Freedom Riders, workers of the NAACP & the SNCC, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the leader of the movement, Dr. William Anderson. The goal of the Freedom Riders and protesters was to test the US Supreme Court’s ruling by sitting in the “whites only” section of the bus station. As a result, protesters were continuously arrested and jailed including MLK.
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1057 http://tw0.us/WJ -
Birmingham, AL protests
The Birmingham Campaign involved the SCLC and was led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The protesters boycotted against the unequal and horrible treatment of blacks in Birmingham, Alabama. In response, some demonstrators attacked police officers and were hit by highly pressurized water hoses. As a final result, the campaign shut down Birmingham, took down Jim Crow laws in the city, and forced attention onto the issue of segregation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_cam http://tw0.us/WK -
March on Washington, D.C
The march involved Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and thousands of demonstrators calling for jobs and freedom. During the march, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his infamous “I Have a Dream” speech at the Lincoln Memorial. The march was praised for helping to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom http://tw0.us/WL -
16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham Bombed
On Sunday, September 15, 1963, members of the United Klans of America bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church of Birmingham, Alabama. The church was targeted because members of the Klan disagreed with the decision to desegregate public places. As a result, 4 girls were killed and 22 others were injured in the attack. In addition, the bombing contributed to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing http://tw0.us/V1 -
John F. Kennedy Assassinated
On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was shot and killed in Dallas, Texas during a Presidential motorcade. Those who witnessed the assassination included Jackie Kennedy, Governor John Connally, the governor’s wife, Nellie, and James Tague. After the assassination, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested and charged with assassinating Pres. Kennedy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_JFK http://tw0.us/WM -
Civil Rights Act of 1964 Passed
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended the majority of discrimination against blacks and even women in the US. Racial segregation and unequal treatment of voters was also ended. Segregation in schools, workplaces, and public facilities was also outlawed. Basically, blacks now had the majority of rights that whites had. The act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964 http://tw0.us/WO -
Voting Rights Act of 1965 Passed
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 eliminated discriminating voting practices against blacks in the US. The act gave blacks the same voting rights that whites had. The act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act http://tw0.us/WP -
Summerhill Race Riot (Atlanta)
A 4-day riot in Summerhill took place in September of 1966. An incident with a police officer shooting a black resident took place before the riots. The SNCC and its leader, Stokely Carmichael were involved. The riots killed 1 person and injured 20 others. The riots revealed the struggles that black communities were still facing. Mayor, Ivan Allen, Jr., worked with police and local blacks to resolve the issues and make peace in the area.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill http://tw0.us/WQ -
MLK Assassinated
On April 4, 1968, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was shot and killed on the balcony of his motel room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. The only person to witness the assassination was King’s close friend, Reverend Ralph David Abernathy. Unlike many other cities, Atlanta did not have any riots and instead remained surprisingly non-violent as a reaction to his death. King’s funeral was held in Atlanta.
http://history1900s.about.com/cs/martinlutherking/a/mlkassass.ht http://tw0.us/WR -
All GA Schools Integrated
The integration of all Georgia schools took place in an effort to completely annihilate segregation in schools. The integration began in 1961, but was a very slow process because schools were integrating one grade at a time. As a result, there were many protests and mobs gathering around schools during the integrating years and many black students were harassed as they tried to enter their schools.
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2716 http://tw0.us/WS
