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  Galileo uses the refracting telescope to study the planets and stars
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  Edwin Hubble discovers that spiral nebulas are galaxies outside of the Milky Way
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  Goddard invents the liquid-fuel rocket
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  The first radio waves observed by Karl Jansky
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  The Soviets launch the first satellite, Sputnik, to begin space exploration
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  U.S. government invents a communication satellite
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  The Soviet probe, Luna 3, takes the first pictures of the moon
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  Astronaut Neil Armstrong becomes the first human to set foot on the surface of the moon
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  U.S. government scientists invent Skylab orbiting space laboratory
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  First test flight of the shuttle orbiter. Discovery of Uranus’ rings
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  Venera 13 lands on Venus, and provides the first Venusian soil analysis.
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  Sally K. Ride is the first U.S. woman to travel in space, on Challenger mission STS-7.
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  The Sakigake probe is launched by Japan's Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science, becoming the first interplanetary probe as it rendezvous with Halley's Comet.
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  Soviet/International Phobos 2 launched, which orbits Mars to study its surface, atmosphere and magnetic field.
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  Galileo completes another flyby of Jupiter's moon Io, passing only 181 km from Io's south polar region.