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Period: to
Pioneer
Who – NASA, TRW, Charles Hall, US Army and Air Force
What – Series of missions 0-2 first attempt of lunar missions failed, 3-4 succesful, 10-11 came close to Jupiter and Saturn, took photos
Pioneer 10 cost 350 million dollars
Where – US, Jupiter, Saturn, Venus
When – 8.17.58 Pioneer 0 launched, 4 launched 3/3/59, 10 launched 3/3/72, Pioneer 13 burned in Venusian atmosphere 12/9/78
Why – Observe magnetic field in space, visit Jupiter and Saturn, look at Venus
How – new technology, multi-probe Pio -
Period: to
Sputnik/Mercury/Gemini
Who – Russian scientists
What – first man-made object sent into orbit
When – October 4th,1957
Where – Russia
Why – to send the first man-made object into space
Mercury
Who – NASA
What – a series of programs to put a man into space
When – October 7th, 1958
Where – US
Why – to start sending humans into space, and see what would happen if a living organism went into space
Gemini
Who – NASA
What – A continuation of Mercury
When 1965-1966
Where – US -
Period: to
Venera Probes
Who – Russian scientist, Soviet Union]
What – A series of unmanned probes that were sent to Venus, first to enter the atmosphere of another planet, 10/16 landed well
Where – Russia, Venera (Venus)
When – 1st probe launched on Feb 12, 1961, last probe reached Venus on October 14, 1983, 3-4 months for probe to get there
Why – to explore other planets -
Space Shuttle Idea
Who - NASA, Ronald Regan, US Aiirforce
What - Spacecraft that uses parts over again, $1.7 billion, one flight cost $9.3 million
Where - orbit of the Earth, International Space Station, ICSC
When - Start work in 1972, First Launch April 12, 1981, Final Landing on July 21, 2011
Why - save money, bring back space crafts and satelites, brought parts to Space Station
How - takes off like a rocket, lands like a plane -
Period: to
Mariner
Mariners 1 and 2
Who – NASA
What – First Robotic Interplanetary Probes launched near Venus, total cost: 544 million
When – July 22,1962 and August 27, 1962
Mariners 3 and 4
Who – NASA
What – Mars flyby mission three was lost but four was successful
When November 28, 1964
Where – NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Mariner 10
Who – NASA
What – Entered gravitational influence of Venus then went on a path to Mercury
When – November 3, 1973 -
Period: to
Viking
Who - NASA
What - Two missions, sent to mars for pictures
Where - Mars
When - Viking 1 touched down on July 20,1976, Viking 2 touched down September 3, 1976, Lander 2 shut down march of 1980, Lander 1 was shut down in 1983 -
Hubble Approved
How - Astronauts
When - Hubble launched in 1990, mission
What - $36,000,000, traveled 2.8 billion miles, sent to orbit earth -
Period: to
Voyager
Who – NASA
What – Sent Voyager Probes into space, travelled to outer planets
When – Launch 1977, Still in space today, 1 Sept 5, 2 August 20
Where – Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in florida
Why – study the outer solar system, search for heliopause boundary
How – 65,000 individual parts -
Period: to
Mars Rover
Who - NASA, Donna Shirley and her team
What - 1991- The first mission cost 10 billion dollars, but the price was too high, so they stopped the mission, 1993- the Mars Observer leaked its fuel and triggered an explosion, 1994- Donna and her team were using the new technology to develop a smaller, faster, and cheaper micro rover
Where - Mars, a planet that had been unexplored until rovers were being sent into the orbit -
Period: to
Magellan
Who - NASA
What – primary objectives were to map the surface of Venus
When – Launched May 4, 1989 Arrival August 10th, 1990, lost signal Oct. 12, Oct 13 presumed loss of spacecraft
Where – Launched KSC, Venus, orbit of Venus
Why – take photos of Venus surface
How – made of spare parts -
Period: to
Galileo
Who – Kennedy Space Center
What - Discovery of interplanetary dust storms, $1.5 billion, verification of the presence of a big, old impact basin in the southern part of the Moon’s far side
Where - Jupiter, it’s moons, Venus, Earth (as seen from space), Orlando, Florida (launched in Orlando)
When - Launched on October 18, 1989, Galileo spacecraft arrived at Jupiter in December 1995 (took 6 years), mission ended on September 21, 2003
Why - To study the gas planets, studied Jupiter to help grasp w -
Period: to
Cassini
Who – NASA, ESA, ISA
What - $475 million, take pics of Saturn’s rings
Information about Saturn’s moons and bells
Leaned titan being the most Earth like world
When – October 1997
4 year project plus 2 year extension
still used today
Where – Jupiter, Saturn, US, 17 countries
Why – studying the Saturnian system, evolution, cloudless patches are exceptional
How – Arm holding device senses magnetic field, eyes camera, walking legs, dancing legs, 2-way communication, skeleton, brains -
Genesis Launched
Who - MArtin Lo, Nasa
What - sample return probe, crashed, contaminated samples though others survivied
Where - Jet Propilsion Lab, Sun
Why - Collect samples
How - three collecter arrays, moniters
When - crashed September 8, 2004 -
Period: to
Space Station: ISS
Who – NASA, Russian government, Japan, Europe
What – ISS was assembled in space, the project cost roughly 100 billion dollars, creation made it so that scientists could study the long-term effects of microgravity and other astronomical phenomenon
Where – built in space, was built 220 miles off the face of the earth
Why – mankind had established a human presence in space for the first time
How – scientists were able to build the ISS by launching pieces into space -
Period: to
N.E.A.R Mission
What – NEAR first space shuttle to orbit an asteroid $223 million, EROS more than 100,000 craters
When – N.E.A.R got on Eros 2/12/01
Where – Johns Hopkins
How – designed to answer many questions about nature and asteroids
Why – Info on properties, mineralogy, composition
Who – Johns Hopkins, Dr. Andrew Cheng