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The pioneer
• TRW manufactured the pioneers
• The pioneers were a series of unmanned space crafts.
• NASA wanted to study ionizing radiation, cosmic rays, magnetic fields, and micrometeorites
• Each Pioneer cost 170 million dollars
• Pioneer 0 attempted to travel to space but blew up within 77 seconds of take off
• January 22, 2013 last signal
• Plasma Analyzer
• Charged Particle instrument
• Cosmic Ray telescope
• Geiger tube telescope
• Trapped radiation detector
• Ultraviolet photometer -
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Projects in Space
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Venera Probes
• Soviet Union
• 16 probes sent out
• Shut down from low funding
• Explored Venus
• Kept secret, no countries were involved
• Project lasted from 1961-1983
• After 1978 probes were sent out in pairs
• 12/15/1970 first probe to send signals
• Explore atmosphere and surface of Venus
• Ion Traps
• Magnetometer
• Micrometeorite Detectors
• Designed to float atop Venus’s Oceans
• High-Gain Antenna
• 3 failed out of 16
• Venus was Earth’s twin -
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Mariner
• NASA
• Overall cost 554 million dollars
• Mars, Venus, Mercury images
• First launch July 22nd 1962
• First Successful Launch August 27th 1962
• NASA wanted to be the first to obtain close-up pictures of other planets
• Last Mariner launched May 20, 1971 -
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Space Stations
• April 19th 1971 first space station to Orbit Russian Salyut 1
• May 14th 1973 Second space station to orbit American Skylab
• February 20th 1986 Mir Space station
• 15 nations currently operation on it
• Water Recycling
• Tested Specimens of protein crystals.
• Advanced Colloids Experiments (ACE-M-1) -
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Viking Probes
• NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton VA.
• James Martin
• NASA sent the Viking which would land and the Orbiter would orbit around the Mars
• 1968 started
• Viking 1 was launched on August 20th 1975
• Arrived on Mars on June 19th 1976
• Project ended on November 13th 1982
• 2 billion U.S. Dollars
• First time landing on Mars
• No proof of life, but climate and materials were founds
• Got pictures of the moons as well.
• Mission occurred on Mars and was completed in the U.S. -
Voyager 2
Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune
$250 million dollars
4 biggest planets in the solar system
Launch August 20th 1977
This happened to continue Voyager 1 and also go the opposite way of Voyager 1 -
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Voyager
NASA was involved in running the probes
Deployed space probe on September 5th 1977
Study planet Saturn
Cost $ 250 million
Showed close up images of Saturn’s rings
Only United States of America participates
Voyager 1 is still out there on a 3.6 A.U
This happened because NASA wanted to expand their knowledge of our solar system
These are 2 missions of a kind
Voyager 1 has 3 radioisotope thermoelectric generators
Amount of data received 7000 music CD
Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune -
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Space Shuttle
• NASA
• Astronauts
• The Atlantis
• The Columbia
• The Challenger
• The Discovery
• The Endeavor
• First Flight April 12. 1981
• July 23, 2011 Last Flight
• Explore unknown areas of space
• Needed reusable spacecraft
• Space shuttles were launched vertically like a conventional rocket with thrust for SRB
• Zero to 17,000 mph in 8.5 minutes -
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Magellan
Elizabeth Bayer
Douglas Griffith
Joseph Boyce
R. Stephen Saunders
98% of the planet in HD
Launched on May 4th 1989
Magellan spacecraft was deployed from the shuttle on May 5th 1989
Mission ended on October 13th 1994
First spacecraft to use inertial upper stage booster and was then fist spacecraft to test aero braking
Conserved fuel -
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Galileo
• Thousands of Scientists and Engineers on Earth
• Took 14 years
• Cost $1.6 billion dollars
• Fist Spacecraft to fly past an asteroid and find an asteroid moon.
• NASA’s Jet propulsion laboratory
• Calisto is riddled with craters is just one of Jupiter’s many moons.
• Lo is one of Jupiter’s moon and is also one of the most volcanic celestial bodies
• Used energy from Venus and Earth to slingshot to Jupiter using Gravity and Momentum
• Used Doppler Radar
• Galileo survived 20 anomalies
• Octo -
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Hubble
• NASA
• Edwin Hubble
• Cost 1.5 billion dollars
• Planets, stars, and galaxies, birth and death of stars
• Different stages of evolving galaxies
• Dark energy
• U.S. and Europe
• April 24th 1990
• Each month Hubble generates more than 360 gigabytes of data. -
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N.E.A.R
• Launched February 17th 1996
• Study near Earth Asteroids
• Equipped with X-Ray/ Gamma ray spectrometer
• Laser Rangefinder
• Magnetometer
• Near infrared image Spectrometer
• Dr. Andrew Cheng was the project scientist
• Eros is the largest near Earth asteroid
• John Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory -
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Cassini
• NASA
• European Space Agency (ESA) , Italian Space agency Total of 17 countries involved
• Cassini was made to explore Saturn and its biggest moon Titan
• Huygens was connected to Cassini and broke off and landed on Titan.
• Cassini launched on October 15th 1997 Will go until September 2017
• Verify 3D structure of the rings
• Study Saturn’s Atmosphere
• Study Titan’s Atmosphere
• Equipment supplied by European countries
• 22ft high and 12,539 pounds with fuel and 4,685 pounds without fuel.
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Genesis
NASA built the Genesis Spacecraft as a sample return probe. It was the first mission to return space material since the Apollo Program
The Genesis Spacecraft mission was to collect solar wind samples. The total cost of the mission was $264 million. After the spacecraft crash landed on september 9, 2004, most of the findings were damaged. Even though most of the findings were damaged, most of the material was recovered. The scientists then tried to recover the contaminated material. -
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Mars Rover
• NASA
• Spirit and Opportunity were sent to see if there was life/water on Mars
• Water/iron containing rocks
• Launched on June 10th 2003 and July 7th 2003
• Landed on Mars on January 4 and 24 of 2004
• Launch Vehicle was Delta ll 7925