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Jaw Crow laws
The law requires segregation in schools, parks, libraries, drinking fountains, restrooms, buses, trains and restaurants. “Whites Only” and “Colored” signs are constant reminders of the enforced racial order. In legal theory, blacks were treated "separate but equal" under the law—in practice, public facilities for blacks were almost always inferior, if at all, to those for whites. -
Policy of Protectionism in Australia
According to Australian constitution on 1st January 1901, authorities were able to move Aboriginal from the town into the reserve and missions as well as remove Indigenous children to other families and raised them as "white". It was a cruel segregation policy for aboriginal families and removal Indigenous children from their parents. -
The Stolen Generation
The Aboriginal kids were removed from their families through the government's policy from mid-1800s to the 1970s -
Strikes and Walkouts
Strikes and walkouts are forms of collective labor action taken by workers to achieve various goals, such as better working conditions, higher wages, improved benefits, or to address grievances. These actions involve a group of employees, often organized by labor unions, temporarily ceasing work to put pressure on employers or government authorities. -
Policy of Assimilation
The Commonwealth Government held a national conference on Aboriginal affairs which agreed that Aboriginal people ‘not of full blood’ should be absorbed or ‘assimilated’ into the wider population. The aim of assimilation was to make the ‘Aboriginal problem’ gradually disappear so that Aboriginal people would lose their identity in the wider community. -
The 1938 Day of Mourning& The 10-Point Plan
A couple of Aboriginal people assembled injustice treatment of Australia government in 150 years. The 10-Point Plan is a list of demands and proposals put forward by Indigenous activists during the 1938 Day of Mourning conference. -
The Brown vs Broad of Education
The Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case in 1954 that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, marking a significant step in the fight against racial discrimination and the pursuit of equal educational opportunities for all. -
Segregation
Segregation is when people of different races or ethnic backgrounds are unfairly kept apart, leading to unequal treatment and opportunities, like when certain groups are not allowed to go to the same schools or use the same facilities, which has historically caused significant harm and continues to be a challenge in promoting fairness and equality. -
Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks was a courageous African-American woman who played a pivotal role in the civil rights movement in the United States. On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, she refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a segregated bus, as was required by the city's racial segregation laws at the time. Her act of civil disobedience led to her arrest. -
Little Rock Nine
The "Little Rock Nine" were a group of African-American students who, in 1957, bravely integrated into Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, facing significant resistance and hostility as they became symbols of the fight for racial desegregation in American public schools. -
First Sit-in Events
On February 13th, 1960, Students in Jim Lawson's class went into the lunch counter, sit down and ask being served. They’ve prepared to go to the jail and even necessary to stay in the jail for a long while because what they were doing is against law. But surprisal, they didn’t get arrested and sat there all day because white people were flummoxed. -
Electoral Act Amendment
It granted all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people the option to enroll and vote in federal elections. -
Letter from Birmingham Jail
The "Letter from Birmingham Jail" is an eloquent and influential letter written by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. while he was imprisoned in Birmingham, Alabama, during the Civil Rights Movement. In the letter, Dr. King responded to a statement by eight white clergymen who had criticized his nonviolent protests and civil disobedience activities. The letter is a powerful defense of the civil rights movement's tactics and a call for justice, equality, and an end to racial segregation. -
I Have A Dream Speech
"I Have a Dream" is the iconic speech Dr. Martin Luther King delivered during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963. In this historic speech, Dr. King articulated his vision for racial equality, social justice, and ending racial segregation in the United States. He emphasized nonviolent people and not judging others by their skin colors. -
Importance on Non-violent Protests
Non-violent protests are crucial for their ethical foundation, broad appeal, and ability to effect lasting change without violence. They attract wider support, maintain the moral high ground, and promote dialogue, making them effective in achieving sustainable reforms and inspiring global movements for justice and equality. -
President Johnson Signs Civil Rights Act
President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act into law on July 2, 1964, marking a historic moment in the United States. The act aimed to end racial segregation and discrimination in public facilities, schools, and employment, thereby advancing civil rights and equality for all Americans, regardless of their race or color. -
Freedom Rides
The Freedom Rides were a series of civil rights protests in the 1960s, where activists, often integrated groups of individuals, traveled on buses throughout the Southern United States to challenge racial segregation and promote desegregation in public transportation and facilities. -
Wave Hill Cattle Station Strike
In August 1966, Gurindji man Vincent Lingiari led his people on a strike for better working and pay conditions at the Wave Hill cattle station in the Northern Territory. The strike soon became more than just about working conditions. Lingiari insisted that the land they were working on was the land of his people and demanded that it be returned. -
1967 Referendum
The 1967 referendum in Australia was a landmark moment when over 90% of voters approved constitutional changes, granting the federal government the power to legislate on behalf of Indigenous Australians and removing discriminatory clauses, marking a significant step toward Indigenous rights and recognition. -
Land Right
In 1963, the land rights movement gained momentum, marking the beginning of a significant struggle for Indigenous land sovereignty and rights. -
The Redfern Speech
The Redfern Speech, delivered by Prime Minister Paul Keating in 1992, acknowledged historical injustices against Indigenous Australians, called for reconciliation, and recognized the importance of cultural recognition, land rights, and self-determination. -
Bring Them Home Report
The "Bringing Them Home" report, published in 1997 by the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, exposed and documented the widespread forced removal of Indigenous children from their families, a practice known as the Stolen Generations, prompting national awareness and discussion of this historical injustice in Australia. -
Kevin Rudd Apologized to The Stolen Generation
In 2008, Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd delivered a formal apology to the Stolen Generations, acknowledging the historical wrongs and injustices inflicted upon Indigenous children who were forcibly removed from their families and communities, expressing deep regret, and calling for reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.