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100
Clauduis Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy was a astronomer, mathematician, and geographer. Ptolemy was mostly known for his geocentric theory. He argued that the Earth was the stationary sphere in the center of all. Stars, planets, Sun and Moon revolved perfectly uninformed around Earth. By that, daily risings and settings would be caused. Ptolemy changed the way people viewed the solar system and noticed reasons of new days. -
100
Ptolemy's Geocentric Theory
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1266
Roger Bacon
Bacon was an English philosopher and scientist of the 1200s. He was one of the first to favor the arrangement of scientific experiments instead of the faithful acceptance of religious and ancient beliefs. Bacon brought his ideas across to Pope Clement IV in 1266, through letters. He addressed certain proposals referring to mathematics, languages, perspective, and astrology. He changed how others argued religious views with more accurate experimental knowledge. -
1500
The Scientific Method
When early scientists began to question ancient beliefs in the 1500s, the learned to form conclusions based on what they could observe with their own senses. This sparked the new study of nature. They approached new studies through mathematics, scientific instruments, and experiments. Newly invented tools like the microscope, air pump, telescope, and thermometer enhanced scientists ability to observe and measure. These important changes resulted in the start of the Scientific Revolution -
1543
Nicolaus Copernicus
Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who proposed the theory agonist Ptolemy that the sun was the center of the universe. Therefore he challenged Ptolemy. This was his heliocentric or "sun-centered" philosophy. Copernicus believed his theory supported the many known facts about astronomy at the time. When Copernicus's theory was published in 1543, little paid attention because they sensed that anyone could see the sun move, although nobody could feel the Earth move. -
1543
Copernicus's Heliocentric Theory
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1543
Andreas Vesalius
Vesalius was a Renaissance physician who changed the study biology, specifically anatomy. In 1543, Andreas published the first comprehensive text book on anatomy. He included detailed illustrations of the human body as well as information to help readers gain understandings about the human body. Vesalius specifically focused on the function of body parts and how they worked together. Vesalius changed the way people viewed the human body and caused people to recognize how their body functioned. -
The Telescope
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Hans Lippershey
Lippershey was a Dutch inventor who created the telescope. Hans's ideas to create the telescope are not clearly known. New glass techniques in 1590 introduced by Italians helped Lippershey developed the telescope. In 1608 Lippershey described his instrument as "the looker". The telescope helped scientists make new understandings. This changed the way people were able to view the world. Specifically, Galileo. -
Johannes Kepler
Kepler was a German philosopher that built off the ideas of Copernicus (with help from Galileo). He is well known for his discovery in 1609, that the Earth and other planets in the solar system travel around the sun are elliptical or oval in shape. He was also the first to describe what happens to light when it enters a telescope. Kepler was a brilliant mathematician who used models, math, and observations to specifically test Copernicus's heliocentric theory. Planets were now easier to picture. -
William Harvey
William Harvey made equal contributions to Vesalius's study on the human body. Harvey used laboratory experiments to show the circulation of blood and the function of veins and arteries. He also observed the body's most important muscle, the heart. This gave people more knowledge about the specific functions an parts of the human body. This made it easier for people to understand why simple tasks are able to be done. -
Francis Bacon
Bacon was an English scientist who lived around the same time as Descartes. Bacon believed that scientific theories could only be proven through observation. Following the process of repeated experiments, theories could be stronger and better supported. Bacon relied on information that could be demonstrated physically instead of mentally. In 1620, Bacon published a book named Novum Organum, this book covered his new system of learning. Bacon changed the way people observed details and repetition -
Galileo Galilei
Galileo was an Italian philosopher that also helped confirm Copernicus's new understand of the universe, along with Kepler. Galileo built his own version of the telescope to make distant objects appear larger to help make more educated observations. Galileo observed mountains, valleys, and planets. He noticed rings around Saturn and spots on the sun. Galileo used models to change the way planets were envisioned. In 1632, his work was published, in return his ideas were refused by many. -
René Descartes
Descartes was a french philosopher and mathematician. He was the leader of the Scientific Revolution. Descartes believed no assumptions should be accepted until justified with reasoning. Using known facts from methods like, mathematics, experiments, tools, and observations, assumptions could be stronger proven. He also developed the first modern theory that mind and body are essentially different parts. Descartes work ranged in all fields of science helping him make more efficient changes. -
Robert Boyle
Robert Boyle was an English-Irish scientist that developed the modern science of chemistry. He studied the composition of matter and how it changes. In 1662, Boyle showed how temperature and pressure affect the space a gas is in, this was later on known as "Boyle's law". Boyle researched the characteristics of air including its process of respiration, and transmission of sound. Using experiments and observations, Boyle was able to come to these conclusions. This helped conduct new experiments. -
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz
Leibnitz was a German philosopher and mathematician. Liebnitz had a part in scientific discoveries that were made throughout Europe. Newton and Liebnitz developed calculus, a new branch of mathematics. Although, they did not work together. This changed the way scientists proved their ideas and discovered new things by using a new form of math. -
Issac Newton
Newton was an English scientist. Issac first published a book on the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. They had described and shown how planets revolve around the sun, although they had not been able to explain how these bodies moved the way they did. Newton described the law of universal gravitation along with the laws of motion. Newton's new understandings had a big impact on the development of science and how people viewed the world and observed moving things or why things move. -
Joseph Priestley
Joseph Priestley was a physical scientist who's worked contributed in the area of chemistry. In 1774, Priestly discovered the element of oxygen which was later named by Lavoisier. Not only did Priestly show interest in the chemistry fields but also in electricity. In 1767,
Priestly met American scientist Benjamin Franklin, who encouraged him to publish The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original Experiments. This again went over the controversial topic of facts over hypotheses. -
Antoine Lavoisier
Lavoisier was a French scientist who worked in the same field as Priestly. He believed that fires was and element and showed the impact oxygen had on a fire. Lavoisier also showed how steam mixes with air and becomes invisible. This concluded the law of conservative matter. This stated that matter ca can form, but it can neither be destroyed nor created. In the 1700s Priestley and Lavoisier made discoveries about the most important principles in the study of chemistry.
