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Nicolaus Copernicus is known for discovering the heliocentric system, and most people didn’t believe him.
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Rene Descartes was known for doubting things until proven true. He is responsible for the coordinate plane and x,y,z variables.
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Galileo Galilei is known as the inventor of the telescope, but he actually improved an already existing one.
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Johannes Kepler published his laws of planetary motion
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Francis Bacon published the scientific method
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Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek discovered microorganisms, improved the microscope, and set the foundation for microbiology