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The University of Padua, was founded in 1222 and first taught Law and Theology. The Universities students were divided into nations, which were determined by the area that you came from. The Roman Catholic Church tried to take over the University many times, but somehow it maintained its freedom.
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Nicolas Copernicus was a Polish Priest and an astronomer, who was not known for unorthodox thought. He was educated at the University of Kraków in poland and later in Italy. Copernicus published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, which challenged the Ptolemaic System and created his own which had all of the planets rotating around the sun in a circle.
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In 1543 Copernicus published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, whcih challenged the Ptolemiac picture. In the book he shared his own ideas that all of the planets moved around the sun in a circle. In his book Copernicus argued that the farther planets were from the sun, the longer they took to revolve around it.
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Vesalius is credited with findout out the modern anatomy of the circulatory and nervous systems.
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Tycho Brahe was a Danish astronomer who took the next major step toward the a model of the Sun centered System. He suggested that Mercury and Venus revolved around the sun, but the other planets revolved around Earth.
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Francis Bacon was an English statesman and philosopher. As a scientist he advocated the inductive method and his most notable work was The Advancement of Learning in 1605.
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Galileo was the first person to turn a telescope on the heavens. Galileo saw stars that had never been seen before, mountains on the Moon, spots moving on the sun, and moons orbiting Jupiter. In the Starry Messenger and Letters on Sunspots, Galileo supports the Copernican method because of his findings.
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Johannes Kepler was and assistant of Brahe's, he discovered that in order for the Sun to be the center the paths of the planets must be elliptical and not circular like Copernicus thought. His book was entitled The New Astronomy, which solved the problem of planetary motion.
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The Crab Nebula is the shattered remnant of a massive star that exploded in supernova explosion. The star was first noted by a Chinese astronomer in the year 1054. The star was rediscovered by Brahe, when he was studing the sky and noticed a spot that he had not seen before.
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The Great Comet of 1577 was seen by many astronomers all over the world, including Thomas Brahe. Thomas Brahe's notes concluded that the comet was very close Venus.
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Rene Descartes was the inventor of the Scientific method, which marked a change in styles of research and new theories and speculation.
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Giordano Burno was a astronomer who expaned the copernican metod and focusd on a sun centered model. In 1600 he was arrested for being against the Catholic Church.
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Kepler's laws are:
The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci.
A line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.
The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit. -
An equal area of the plane is covered in equal time by planet revolving around the Sun. (or the period of revolution around the Sun is proportional to distance from the Sun.)
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The Letter to Grand Duchess of Tuscany , was written in 1615 by Galileo Galilei and was an essay on the relation between the revelations of the Bible and the new discoveries being made in science.
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In Novum Organum, Bacon details a new system of logic he believes to be superior to the old ways of syllogism. This is now known as the Baconian method.
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This theory was one that stated man learns by experience and practice not be lesson and acceptance.
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Harvey opened this text a book fair where it would be dispersed quickly and reported his findings on blood circulations and the cardiovascular system.
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The DIalogue on Two World Systems compared the Copernican system with the traditional Ptolemaic system.
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In 1633, Galileo was banned by the Church because of his influence in the Copernican model, which the Church did not like because it did not have everything revolve around the Earth.
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Decartes published this text in order to voice his opinions on skepticism and that humans naturally need questioning to further inderstanding. This is still used as an important philosophical text.
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Discouse on Two New Sciences was Galileo's final book and covered much of his work in physics over the preceding thirty years.
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Theory of Deduction: this system of learning taught that one must only draw logical conclusions and not make up an answer.
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Isaac Newton created modern Physics and was able to prove the laws of gravity and inertia. Newton was also very religious and saw science a representation of the divine power of the creator.
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Jean Picard was an French Astronomer, who did extents research with the distance to Mars. He used parallax to determine the distance to Mars.
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This text encompasse three volumes where Newton states his laws of motion and physics.
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Newton's Three Laws of Motion
A body moves in a straight line unless impeded. (Inertia).
Every action has equal and opposite reaction.
Every body attracts every other body with a force proportional to the distance between. -
This is a book published by Issac Newton which dealed with light and reflection
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Even though Harvey understood the way the blood circulates through the human body, he had never actually seen it himself. It was Malpighi that was the first to observe the blood coursing through the capillaries of a frog
