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Period: 1300 to 1400
Year 1300 AD
Italian engineers gave impetus to a modern era of canal building by their invention of the canal lock. Soon thereafter, networks of canals were constructed throughout Europe for inland water travel. During this period, advances were also made in navigation and shipbuilding, and docks and harbors for ocean transport were built. -
Period: 1450 to 1450
Year 1450 AD
Johann Gutenberg invented the movable type mold and is credited with the printing of the first book about 1450.1 This made possible wide dissemination of information on many subjects, including science and engineering. -
Period: to
Year 1750 AD
Civil engineering is separated from military engineering and the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées is born in Paría. Mechanical engineering is strengthened with the construction of instruments for navigation, Galileo's telescope, the pneumatic pump, the commercial printing press, the construction of measuring instruments, naval engineering is also decisively promoted with transoceanic voyages. -
Period: to
Year 1900 AD
New sources of energy emerge, mechanical and naval engineering are consolidated. Chemical, electrical and industrial engineering appears. Transportation has a breakthrough with the use of the locomotive and the tram. The telegraph and the telephone begin to operate. The Panama Canal begins. Science and technology begin to walk hand in hand and to use engineering as a means of applying both. -
Period: to
Year 1950 AD
New construction elements are used in civil engineering: reinforced and prestressed concrete, metal structures, production of synthetic and plastic fibers.