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Jan 1, 1502
University of Padua
Copernicus The University of Padua is a college in Italy, that focuses on the study of Law and is considered the most prominent University in Italy. Copernicus studied medicine here. -
Jan 1, 1543
1543 De Revolutionibus Orbium Caelestium (On the Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs)
Heliocentrism Theory Copernicus published, on his deathbed, his heliocentric Theory -
Jan 1, 1543
Versalius
Sketches Source: (http://www.spokeo.com/Andreas+Vesalius+1) "Andreas Vesalius was a Flemish anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body). Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy." -
Nov 11, 1572
Crab Nebula
Tycho Brahe "The Crab Nebula is a supernova remnant and pulsar wind nebula in the constellation of Taurus. The nebula was observed by John Bevis in 1731; it corresponds to a bright supernova recorded by Arab, Chinese and Japanese astronomers in 1054" (Wikipedia). Tycho Brahe discovered the Milky Way supernova in 1572, which led to the discovery of Crab Nebula -
Jan 1, 1577
New Comet
Turkish painting of the comet The new comet, often refered to as "great comet" of 1577 was obsereved, as it passed by earth, by Tycho Brahe. By observing the comet, Brahe concluded that comets (and anything similar) will travel just above earth's atmosphere. -
Giordano Bruno burnt
Giordan Bruno Burning "It is often maintained that Bruno was executed because of his Copernicanism and his belief in the infinity of inhabited worlds. In fact, we do not know the exact grounds on which he was declared a heretic because his file is missing from the records. Scientists such as Galileo and Johannes Kepler were not sympathetic to Bruno in their writings" (Galileo Project). -
Theory of Induction c.f. Karl Popper, David Hume
Francis Bacon Source: (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/francis-bacon/) Francis Bacon "Cogitata et Vista" in 1607; a book in which he develops his scientific method, known as "induction". "He repudiates the syllogistic method and defines his alternative procedure" (standford.edu). Bacon's studies were carried foward by one of the greatest philosophers of the 20th century, Karl Popper, and English philosopher, David Hume. -
One Law of Planentary Motion
Atrodynamics An equal area of the plane is covered in equal time by planet revolving around the Sun. (or the period of revolution around the Sun is proportional to distance from the Sun.) Kepler discoverd the first and second laws of planentary motion in 1609, while later discovering the third law in 1619. -
Letter to Grand Duchess of Tuscany
Grand Duchess of Tuscany/revised letter correspondent In 1615, Galileo revised his original letter to Benedetto Castelli (a former student of his and Benedictine Monk), where Galileo claimed the Copernicun theory to be an actual physical reality, opposed to a mathmatical tool. In the letter, Galileo defined his position on the balance between science and the Scripture. -
Three Laws of Planentary Motion
Johannes Kepler "The laws are named after a German astronomer named Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), who proposed them in the early 1600s. Kepler was able to summarize the carefully collected data of his mentor—Tycho Brahe—with three statements that described the motion of planets in a sun-centered solar system" (Wikipedia). The laws describe orbital motions, while depicting the orbital path of each planet around the sun. -
Novum Organum (New Tools)
Francis Bacon Published in Latin by Francis Bacon, Novum Organum is a philosophical work of literature. Novum Organum translates to "new tools" and is about a new system of logic referred to as the Baconian Method. This work of literature was written in referal to Aristotle and his old syllogism. -
On the Movement of the Heart and the Blood
William Harvey Source: (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1628harvey-blood.asp) On the Movement of the Heart and Blood was published by William Harvey. "William Harvey, whose epoch-making treatise announcing and demonstrating the circulation of the blood is here printed, was born at Folkestone, Kent, England, April 1, 1578." -
Dialogue on Two World Systems
Book Cover "Dialogue on Two World Systems" was written by Galileo, describing the differences between both the Copernican system and Ptolemaic system. Galileo explained how in the Copernican system, all planets orbit the sun, and in the Ptolemaic system, every planet and the sun orbit the earth. -
Galileo Banned by the Church
Galileo In 1633, Galileo stood trial in front of the curch on accounts of heresy. On June 22, Galileo was found guilty and the inquistion had three parts: (1) his opinion that the sun was the center of the universes, (2) he remained under house arrest for the rest of his life, and (3) all his works were forbidden. -
Discourse on Method
Rene Descartes Source: (http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/descartes/descartes1.htm) "René Descartes (1596-1650) published Discourse on Method in 1637 as part of a work containing sections on optics, geometry, and meteorology" (records.viu). Later revisions were made by 1641, where he "published a more detailed exploration of the philosophical basis for this new approach to knowledge in Meditations on First Philosophy" (records.viu). -
Theory of Deduction
Rene Descartes Source: Kagan Descartes developed a “scientific method that relied more on deduction—reasoning from general principle to arrive at specific
facts—than empirical observation and induction,” whereas Bacon “believed that expanding natural knowledge had a practical purpose and its goal was human improvement.” To understand human reason, Descartes believed that deduction was needed. Discourse on Method was published in 1637, by Descartes. -
Discourse on Two New Sciences
Galileo "The Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences (Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, intorno à due nuove scienze, 1638) was Galileo's final book and a sort of scientific testament covering much of his work in physics over the preceding thirty years" (Wikipedia). -
Capillaries
Malpighi Source: (http://www.nndb.com/people/033/000095745/) William Harvey set the foundation for Marcello Malpighi's research, by discovering capillaries. However, it was not until Malpighi, that capillaries were actually observed. -
Jean Picard and Mars
Mars Source: (http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Picard_Jean.html) Picard discovered barometric light, which "prompted Newton to make studies which led to spectrometry." Also, "Picard was involved with measuring the parallax of Mars. This was important since an accurate value would give the scale of the solar system." -
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
Isaac Newton Source: Kagan when Newton published Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, "much of the research and thinking for this great work had taken place more than fifteen years earlier. Galileo's mathematical bias permeated Newton's thought, as did his view that inertia applied to bodies both at rest and in motion. Newton reasoned that the planets and all other physical objects in the universe moved through mutual attraction, or gravity." -
Newton's Three Laws of Motion
First Law of Motion Source: (http://teachertech.rice.edu/Participants/louviere/Newton/) These laws were first published in Newton's book, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. 1.) Inetria: a body moves in a straight line unless impeded
2.) Every action had an euqal and opposite reaction
3.) Every body attracts everyth other body with a force proportional to the distance between them. -
Opticks
Isaac Newton and Opticks Source: Wikipedia "Opticks is a book written by English physicist Isaac Newton that was released to the public in 1704. It is about optics and the refraction of light, and is considered one of the great works of science in history. Opticks was Newton's second major book on physical science."
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