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Alexander III
Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Prince of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death on 1 November 1894. He was highly conservative and reversed some of the liberal reforms of his father, Alexander II.During the reign of Alexander III Russia’s prestige abroad rose to unbelievably new heights and his country thrived in peace and order. During all the years of his rule, Russia was not involved in a single major war. For this he was dubbed “The Peacemaker.” -
Abolishment of serdom
Legal documents of the epoch, such as Russkaya Pravda, distinguished several degrees of feudal dependency of peasants, the term for an unfree peasant in the Russian Empire, is translated as serf.Serfdom became the dominant form of relation between peasants and nobility in the 17th century. Serfdom only existed in central and southern areas of the Russian Empire. -
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Nicholas II
Nikolai Aleksandrovich Romanov was the eldest son of Tsar Alexander III.Nicholas II ruled from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917. His reign saw Imperial Russia go from being one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. His poor handling of Bloody Sunday and Russia’s role in World War I led to his abdication and execution. -
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Lenin
Lenin was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as head of government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917, and of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death. Under his administration, the Russian Empire was replaced by the Soviet Union; all wealth including land, industry and business was confiscated.Lenin gained an interest in revolutionary leftist politics following the execution of his brother Aleksandr in 1887. -
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Stalin
Iósif Stalin is one of the most controversial and enigmatic figures in the history of the country. He was the secretary general of the Communist party from 1922 and the only leader of the Soviet Union from the ends of 1920 and up to his death in 1953. The introduction of the totalitarian system of economic, cultural and state management, as well as the absolute control of the life deprived of the citizens was translated in immense losses of human lives. -
Russo Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea. The major theatres of operations were the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden in Southern Manchuria, and the seas around Korea, Japan, and the Yellow Sea.Through threat of Russian expansion, Japan offered to recognize Russian dominance in Manchuria in exchange for recognition of Korea as within the Japanese sphere of influence. -
Division of Marxists into two groups
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WW1
The world’s first global conflict, the “Great War” pitted the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire against the Allied forces of Great Britain, the United States, France, Russia, Italy and Japan. The introduction of modern technology to warfare resulted in unprecedented carnage and destruction, with more than 9 million soldiers killed by the end of the war in November 1918. -
Murder of Rasputin
He was a peasant who claimed powers of healing and prediction, had the ear of Russian Tsarina Aleksandra. The aristocracy could not stand a peasant in such a high position. Peasants could not stand the rumors that the tsarina was sleeping with such a scoundrel. Rasputin was seen as "the dark force" that was ruining Mother Russia.To save the monarchy, several members of the aristocracy attempted to murder the holy man.On the night of December 16-17, 1916, they tried to kill Rasputin. -
March (February) revolution
It was the first of two revolutions in Russia in 1917. It was centered on Petrograd, on Women's Day in March. The revolution, confined to the capital and its vicinity and lasting less than a week, involved mass demonstrations and armed clashes with police and gendarmes In the last days mutinous Russian Army forces sided with the revolutionaries. The immediate result of the revolution was the abdication of of Tsar Nicholas II, the end of the Romanov dynasty, and the end of the Russian Empire -
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Provisional Government
Provisional government is an emergency or interim government set up when a political void has been created by the collapse of a very large government. The early provisional governments were created to prepare for the return of royal rule. The numerous provisional governments during the Revolutions of 1848 gave the word its modern meaning: A liberal government established to prepare for elections. The most notable provisional government was the Russian Provisional Government in 1917 -
October Revolution
was a seizure of state power instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917.It followed and capitalized on the February Revolution of the same year, which overthrew the Tsarist autocracy and established a provisional government composed predominantly of former nobles and aristocrats. During this time, urban workers began to organize into councils wherein revolutionaries criticized the provisional government and its actions. -
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Civil War in Russia
was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the Russian Revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. The two largest combatant groups were the Red Army, fighting for the Bolshevik form of socialism, and the loosely allied forces known as the White Army, which included diverse interests favoring monarchism, capitalism, and alternative forms of socialism, each with democratic and antidemocratic variants. -
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Russiaand the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey), that ended Russia's participation in World War I. The treaty was signed at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus), after two months of negotiations. The treaty was forced on the Bolshevik government by the threat of further advances by German and Austrian forces. -
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NEP
The New Economic Policy tried to end up as the crisis that was plunged in Russia because of the civil war and the foreign aggression. The winter of 1920 and 1921 was characterized by his extreme hardness and due to the hunger it caused more than two million of deads. In Lenin's words, the NEP was constituting a transitory and mixed systemin which the economy would remain under the direction and planning of the State, though helped on the private initiative. It was a controlled capitalism -
USSR
the Soviet Union was a Marxist–Leninist state on the Eurasian continent that existed between 1922 and 1991. It was governed as a single-party state by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital A union of multiple subnational Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized.The Soviet Union had its roots in the Russian Revolution of 1917, which overthrew the Russian Empire. The Bolsheviks, the majority faction of the Social Democratic Labour Party, led by Vladimir Lenin. -
Trotsky into exile
Trotskyist opinion has a useful role in Soviet politics. It represents, in two words, Marxist orthodoxy, confronting the overflowing and unruly current of Russian reality. It exemplifies the working-class, urban, industrial sense of the socialist revolution.Without vigilant criticism, which is the best proof of the vitality of the Bolshevik Party, the Soviet government would probably run the risk of falling into a formalist, mechanical bureaucratism. These can be some of the reasons of his exile -
Bloody Sunday
Was an incident on 30 January 1972 in the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland. British soldiers shot 26 unarmed civilians during a protest march against internment. Fourteen people died: thirteen were killed outright, while the death of another man four-and-a-half months later was attributed to his injuries. Many of the victims were shot while fleeing from the soldiers and some were shot while trying to help the wounded.
