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The Reign of Czars Alexander II and Alexander III
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Emancipation of the serfs
In 1861 all of the twenty three million privately owned serfs were emancipated following the decree issued by Emperor Alexander II, the Liberator, granting them the full rights of free citizens, to marry without having to gain consent, to own property and to own a business. -
The Zemstvo
The zemstvo was a form of government that was instituted by Alexander II of Russia. The first zemstvo laws were put into effect in 1864. After the October Revolution of 1917, the zemstvo system was shut down and replaced by a system of workers' councils. -
Russification
Russification was the name given to a policy of Alexander III. Russification was designed to take the sting out of those who wanted to reform Russia and to bind all the Russian people around the tsar. -
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The Early Reign of Czar Nicholas II
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The Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea. The major theatres of operations were the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden in Southern Manchuria, and the seas around Korea, Japan, and the Yellow Sea. -
The Revolution of 1905
The Revolution of 1905 was a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire. Some of it was directed against the government, while some was undirected. It included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies. -
The Duma
The Duma were council assemblies that were created by Czar Nicholas II. It's a form of Russian governmental institution that was formed during the reign of the last Czar, Nicholas II. It is also the term for a council to early Russian rulers, as well as for city councils in Imperial Russia, and city and regional legislative bodies in the Russian Federation. -
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World War I and the Fall of the Czar
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The assassination in Sarajevo
In 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were shot dead in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip. The assassination led to World War I. -
Rasputin
Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin was a Russian peasant, mystical faith healer and a trusted friend to the Tsar's family. He became an influential figure in Saint Petersburg, especially after August 1915 when Tsar Nicholas II took command of the army at the front. -
The March Revolution in Petrograd
On March 8, 1917, Russia’s February Revolution began with rioting and strikes in St. Petersburg. The unrest was triggered primarily by food shortages in the city, which were caused by the wider problems of a worsening economy and repeated failures on the battlefields of World War I. -
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The Provisional Government and the Bolshevik Revolution
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The assassination of Czar Nicholas II and his family
Nicholas II, his wife Tsarina Alexandra and their five children Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei were shot in Yekaterinburg on 17 July 1918. The Tsar and his family were executed by Bolsheviks led by Yakov Yurovsky under the orders of the Ural Soviet. -
The November coup d'etat
The November coup d'etat, commonly referred to as Red October, the October Uprising or the Bolshevik Revolution, was a seizure of state power instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917. It took place with an armed insurrection in Petrograd traditionally dated to 25 October 1917 -
"Peace, Land, and Bread"
"Peace, Land, and Bread" was the battle cry of the 1917 October Revolution that changed the history of Russia and indeed the entire world: the cry of workers and peasants fed up with a failed system and the trials of war. -
Trotsky
Leon Trotsky was a Marxist revolutionary and theorist, Soviet politician, and the founder and first leader of the Red Army. -
The Brest-Litovsk Treaty
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers, that ended Russia's participation in World War I. -
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Civil War Ensues in Russia
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The terms of the Versailles Treaty
The main terms of the Versailles Treaty were: 1) the surrender of all German colonies as League of Nations mandates. 2) the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France. 3) cession of Eupen-Malmedy to Belgium, Memel to Lithuania, the Hultschin district to Czechoslovakia. 4) Poznania, parts of East Prussia and Upper Silesia to Poland. 5) Danzig to become a free city. 6) plebiscites to be held in northern Schleswig to settle the Danish-German frontier...and many more.
