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ALEXANDER III
Alexander III was the second son of Alexander II and of Maria Aleksandrovna. He was emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894. Alexander III was a clear opponent of representative government and supporter of Russian nationalism. He adopted programs based on the concepts of Orthodoxy and autocracy that included the Russification of national minorities in the Russian Empire as well as persecution of the non-Orthodox religious groups.
http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/the-romanov-dynasty/alexa -
ABOLISHMENT OF SERFDOM
In 1816, 1817 and 1819 serfdom was abolished in part of Russia. However all the land stayed in noble hands and labor rent lasted until 1868. Serfdom was replaced with landless laborers who had to ask permission to leave an estate. In 1861 Alexander II did an agrarian reform thinking that was better to liberate the peasants from above than to wait until they won their freedom by risings from below. Finally serfdom was abolished in 1861.
http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/historians-craft/katherine -
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NICHOLAS II
Nicholas II was the last czar of Russia under Romanov rule. He inherited the throne when his father, Alexander III, died in 1894. Although he believed in autocracy, he was eventually forced to create an elected legislature. Nicholas II’s handling of Bloody Sunday and World War I led to his abdication. Bolsheviks executed him on July 17, 1918 in Yekaterinburg.
http://www.biography.com/#!/people/nicholas-ii-21032713#synopsis -
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VLADIMIR LENIN
His real name was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. He was a revolutionary leader and founder of the Bolshevik political party. He transformed Russia from a country ruled by czars (emperors) to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.). He based in Marxism and his political theories are known as Leninism. He served as head of government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917, and of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death.
http://www.notablebiographies.com/Ki-Lo/Lenin- -
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JOSEPH SATLIN
Stalin was a Bolshevik revolutionary who took part in the Russian Revolution of 1917. He became general secretary of the party’s Central Committee in 1922. He managed the party from 1924 after the death of Vladimir Lenin. Joseph Stalin consolidated his power expanding the functions of his role and eliminating any opposition. He was the leader of the Soviet Union until his death in 1953.
http://www.biography.com/people/joseph-stalin-9491723 -
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TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY
The Trans-Siberian railway was built from 1891 to 1916 under the supervision of Russian government ministers. These ministers were personally appointed by Alexander III and by his son Nicholas II. Firstly the Transiberian railway connected Moscow with Vladivostok in 1916 and actually it connects Moscow with the Russian Far East and the Sea of Japan.
http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2499936?uid=3737952&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21106551886553 -
DIVISION OF MARXISTS INTO TWO GROUPS
In 1903, Russian Marxists split into two groups. The Bolsheviks were the more radical and they supported a small number of commited revolutionaries able to do everything for change. The Mensheviks were the more moderate and they wanted a broad base fo popular support for the revolution.
http://historywithmrgreen.com/page2/assets/Revolutions%20in%20Russia.pdf -
RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR
The Russo-Japanese War was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan. Both countries were in conflicts due to imperial ambitions over Manchuria and Korea. Negotiations were broke down in 1904 then the Japanese Navy opened hostilities by attacking the Russian Eastern Fleet at Port Arthur in a surprise attack. Russia suffered numerous defeats and the war concluded with the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905.
http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/514017/Russo-Japanese-War -
BLOODY SUNDAY
Bloody Sunday is the name given to the events of Sunday, 22 January 1905 in St Petersburg, Russia. Unarmed workers were killed by soldiers of the Imperial Guard when they marched towards the Winter Palace to present a petition to Czar Nicholas II of Russia. Bloody Sunday is considered the start of the active phase of the Revolution of 1905 and one of the key events which led to the Russian Revolution of 1917.
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/bloody-sunday-massacre-in-russia -
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WW1
World War I was a global war mostly centered in Europe where more than 9 million combatants and 7 million civilians died as a result of the war. Russia was unprepared to handle the military and economic costs. Fuel and food supplies were decreased and prices were inflated.
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/provisional_government.htm -
MURDER OF RASPUTIN
Rasputin was a holy man who seemed to have magical healing powers with Nicholas II and Alexandra's son who had hemophilia. To show her gratitude, Alexandra allowed Rasputin to make key political decisions. In 1916, a group of nobles murdered him.
http://historywithmrgreen.com/page2/assets/Revolutions%20in%20Russia.pdf -
MARCH REVOLUTION
In March 1917, women textile workers in Petrograd led a citywide strike. In the next five days, riots flared up over shortages of bread and fuel. Al first the soldiers obeyed orders to shoot the rioters but later sided with them. The March Revolution was followed in the same year by the October Revolution bringing a Bolshevik rule and a change in Russia's social structure.
http://historywithmrgreen.com/page2/assets/Revolutions%20in%20Russia.pdf -
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PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT
The Russian Revolution of February 1917 brought into power the Provisional Government. It led Russia from March 1917 to November 1917 and introduced freedom of speech and assembly. The provisional Government was initially composed of the Kadet coalition led by Prince Lvov, which was replaced by the Socialist coalition led by Alexander Kerensky.
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/provisional_government.htm -
OCTOBER REVOLUTION
The October Revolution is known as Red October. It took place with an armed insurrection in Petrograd which overthrew the provisional government and gave the power to the soviets.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/russia/october/revision/2/ -
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CIVIL WAR IN RUSSIA
It was a war formed immediately after the Russian Revolutions of 1917. The two largest combatant groups were the Red Army formed by Bolshevik and the loosely allied forces known as the White Army which favored monarchism and capitalism. The Red Army defeated the White Armed Forces of South Russia in Ukraine and the army led by Aleksandre Kolchak in Siberia in 1919. Battles of the war continued in the periphery for three years more.
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/russian_civil_war1.htm -
TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and Germany that ended Russia's participation in World War I. The treaty was signed at Brest-Litovsk after two months of negotiations. In the treaty Bolshevik Russia ceded the Baltic States to Germany and its province of Kars Oblast in the south Caucasus to the Ottoman Empire. It also recognized the independence of Ukraine.
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_brest-lit -
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NEP
The New Economic Policy was an economic policy proposed by Vladimir Lenin which permitted the settlement of some private companies. It supposed that small companies of animals or tobacco could open for private benefit while the State followed controlling the exterior trade, banks and big industries.
http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/411387/New-Economic-Policy-NEP -
USSR
To keep nationalism, Lenin organized Russia into several self-governing republics under the central government. In 1922, the country was named the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), in honor of the councils that helped the Bolshevisk Revolution.
http://historywithmrgreen.com/page2/assets/Revolutions%20in%20Russia.pdf -
TROTSKY INTO EXILE
Two of the most notable men in the Communist Party were Trotsky and Stalin. Lenin suffered a stroke in 1922 and he was in motion competition for heading up the Communist Party. Trotsky was a weak politic and Stalin had concentrated enormous power in his hands. By 1828, Stalin was in total command of the Communist Party. Trotsky was forced into exile in 1929.
http://historywithmrgreen.com/page2/assets/Revolutions%20in%20Russia.pdf
