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In 1881, Alexander III succeeded his father, Alexander II, and halted all reforms in Russia.
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When Nicholas II became czar in 1894, he contin- ued the tradition of Russian autocracy.
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In 1903, Russian Marxists split into two groups over revolutionary tactics.
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Bloody Sunday provoked a wave of strikes and violence that spread across the country.
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In October 1905, Nicholas reluctantly promised more freedom. He approved the creation of the Duma, Russia’s first parliament.
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The first Duma met in May 1906.
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In 1914, Nicholas II made the fateful decision to drag Russia into World War I.
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The railway was not completed until 1916. It connected European Russia in the west with Russian ports on the Pacific Ocean in the east.
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The Russian Revolution was like a firecracker with a very long fuse. The explosion came in 1917, yet the fuse had been burning for nearly a century.
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In November 1917, without warning, armed factory workers stormed the Winter Palace in Petrograd.
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In March 1918, Russia and Germanysigned the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
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From 1918 to 1920, civil war raged in Russia. Several Western nations, in- cluding the United States, sent military aid and forces to Russia to help the White Army.
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In the end, the Red Army crushed all opposition. The victory showed that the Bolsheviks were able both to seize power and to maintain it.
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In March 1921, Lenin temporarily put aside his plan for a state-controlled economy.
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Lenin died in 1922 of a stroke
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Stalin gained total control in Russia and became dictator.
