ROME CIVILISATION

The founding of the city

771 BCE

The story of the origin of the city of Rome is a combination of legend and reality.
*According to the legend , Romes was founded by the brothers Romulus and Remus .
*According to historians , the Etruscans and Latin founded the city in a strategic location near the sea.

The origins of Rome:Periods of Roman , Monarchy.

Period: 700 BCE to 500

Rome was governed by kings of Latin and Etruscan origin.It became the most powerful city in its region,known as Latium

ROMAN SOCIETY

600 BCE

*The model of the Roman family
-Women did not participants in politics.
-Girls received the same education as boys until adolescence.
The pater family was the family´s highest authority
-The sons of wealthy families were educated at home by Greek masters.

ROMAN SOCIETY

500 BCE

*Social Revolution
From the period of the Monarchy onwards ,Roman society was characterised by social inequality.
-Patricians
-Slaves
-Plebeians
-Clients
*Republican period
-Conquests of new territories increased the number of slaves
-Another social group emerged ,knights or equites.
*Imperial period
-The nobilitas ,knights and plebeians had Roman citizenship.
-Slaves and freedmen were not citizens

THE REPUBLIC

500 BCE

The Roman Republic was a political system which lasted five centuries.After the kings were expelled , power was held by the patricians,the heads of the leading families.
-The magistracies were the main bodies of government.
*Two consuls
*The quaestors
*The aediles
*The praetors
*The censors
-The senate was the most imporatnt institution.
-The comitia were made up of free citizens

THE MONARCHY

400 BCE

The first system of government in Rome was a monarchy.
According to tradition , Rome had seven kings.After the reign of There were 3:
-Sabines kings
-Etruscan kings
-Lucius Tarquinis Superbus
They were supported by two institutions:
*The Senate
*The comitia

MEDITERRANEAN EXPANSION

400 BCE

*Chronology of the expansion during the Republic
...up to 3rd BC century.Rome defeated all the remaing peoples of the Italian Peninsula.Once they controlled it ,the Romans began their conquest of the western Mediterranean.This led to conflict with Carthage , the other great Mediterranean power,in the Punic Wars.

MEDITERRANEAN EXPANSION

200 BCE

*Chronology of the expansion during the Republic
...up to 2nd century BC.The Punic Wars ended with Carthage´s defeat and the Roman conquest of Sicily , Corsica , North Africa and most of the Iberian Peninsula.The Rome expanded into the eastern Mediterranean , defeating the Greeks and Macedonians.

THE FALL OF THE EMPIRE

200 BCE

*The crisis of the 3rd century
-The amount of slave labour decreased ,causing a drop in production.
-Rome had to raise taxes to maintain its revenue ,worsening the situation.
-It also had political effects.

THE FALL OF THE EMPIRE

200 BCE

*The barbarian invasions
The instability of the Empire made it easier for the barbarians to get past the limes.Several Germanic peoples crossed the border formed by the Rhine and Danube rivers to occupy Roman land.

FROM THE REPUBLIC TO THE EMPIRE

100 BCE

*The birth and evolution of Christianity
The Romans were polytheist , as they worshipped many goods.
Christianity emerged in the 1st century AD in one of the Empire¨s southern provinces,Palestine.It also supported equality among all human beings .They were persecuted and many died for their beliefs.
In the year 313 , Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan allowing Christians to worship in public.In 380 , Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the Empire.

FROM THE REPUBLIC TO THE EMPIRE

1 BCE

*The crisis of the 1st century BC
-The first triumvirate.Formed by Pompey the Greta , Julius Caesar and Marcu Licinius Crassus.Julio was ultimately victorious ,being named dictator in perpetuity.
-The second triumvirate.Forme by the generals Octavian , Marcus Antonius and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus , who clashed.The victor was Octavian , who proclaimed himself emperor.

FROM THE REPUBLIC TO THE EMPIRE

1 BCE

*The Pax Romana
-The territory was organised into provinces.These were by a governor with the help of officials an soldiers.The border known as the limes,was protected by a system of fortifications to prevent invasion by the peoples who lived beyon these boundaries , the barbarians.
-Romanisation.Romans customs , religion,laws,language and way of life were introduced into the conquered territories.

ROMAN ECONOMY

1 BCE

Rome,an economic power.
-Agriculture was the most important activity.
-Livestock farming was essential ,but raising horses was crucial because they were used by the army.
-Mining was among the economic activities that brought the greates prosperity.
-Artisanal activity also became very important.
-Trade also developed .especially during the Pax Romana ,when shipping routes and extensive network of roads were created.

MEDITERRANEAN EXPANSION

1 BCE

*Chronology of the expansion during the Republic
With the subsequent annexation of Syria and Egypt.Finally , the Romans succeeded in occupying other parts of Europe:Gaul , Great Britain and part of Central Europe.

MEDITERRANEAN EXPANSION

1 BCE

*The Roman army
The Roman army was made up of free men.In the 1st century BC, it became a professional army.The army´s effectiveness was essential aspect of its rapid expansion throughout the Mediterranean.Its organised into regions.

The origins of Rome:periods of Roman,Empire

Period: 1 BCE to 400

Augustus was the first Roman emperor.Rome reached its greatest territorial extent.The Empire began to decline in the 3rd century AD.

ROMAN ECONOMY

1 CE

*The Roman diet
-The wealthier classes had a rich diet which included meat and fish .They held banquets where up to seven dishes might be served ,and drank large quantities of wine.
-The poorer classes primarily ate bread ,soup and barley or wheat porridge.

FROM THE REPUBLIC TO THE EMPIRE

2

*The consequences of expansion
Their Mediterranean conquests brought the Romans money , slaves and land.However ,this caused instability in the republic.
-Plebeian revolts .In the 2nd century BC , the Gracchus brothers ,both tribunes of the plebs.
-The Slave rebellion .It was led by Spartacus , a gladiator who fought to end slavery .Although many slaves joine the cause , the rebellion was suppressed in 71 BC.

CHRONOLOGY OF THE FALL OF THE EMPIRE

395

*Division of the Empire
Facing a crisis at all levels,Emperor Theodosius decided to divided the Empire between his two son:
-Honorius received the western half ,with Rome as its capital.
-Arcadiud received the eastern half ,with Constantinople.

CHRONOLOGY OF THE FALL OF THE EMPIRE

410

*Arrival of the Visigoths
The Visigoths were able to cross the limes and ransack Rome

CHRONOLOGY OF THE FALL OF THE EMPIRE

476

*The fall of Rome
The Heruli overthrew Romulus Augustulus,the last Roman emperor in the West.

The origins of Rome:periods of Roman , Republic

Period: 500 to 1 BCE

Rome expanded around the Mediterranean , from the Iberian Peninsula to the Near East provinces.