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Goethe was a German poet and writer who was a literary force behind Romanticism. He wrote poetry, books about literature, dramas, novels, scientific books on anatomy, botany, and color, and an autobiography. Composers continue to set his works to music to this day.
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This man employed Haydn after 1790.
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Beethoven, still an iconic composer to this day, was the transitional composer between classicism and romanticism. He wrote symphonies, an opera, piano sonatas, masses, string quartets, arias, concertos, Lieder, other choral and chamber music, and overtures.
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Hoffmann was a German composer and writer. He is famous for his work The Nutcracker. He also wrote stage works, vocal works, piano works, writings, and some chamber and orchestral works. His writings are considered to epitomize Romanticism.
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Weber was the founder of German Romantic Opera. He also studied with Michael Haydn. He wrote German opera, other dramatic works, cantatas, concertos, piano works, two symphonies, songs, and writings. Also considered an important conductor.
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Meyerbeer was the leading composer of the French Grand Opera. He was the object of Wagner's anti-Semitic writings in 1850. Meyerbeer wrote operas, choral music, dramatic works, a few instrumental works, and songs. He was also Jewish.
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Rossini was the most famous composer in the early 19th century in Vienna. An Italian composer who mostly wrote operas and choral music. He also wrote vocal works and two sinfonia.
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Schubert was an Austrian composer who created the genre of artistic and dramatic Lieder. He also wrote symphonies, piano works, chamber music, choral music, and operas. Schubert frequently used modulations and expansion of melodies. He also had many unfinished works. He was romanticized after his death.
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A student of Mayr, Donizetti was a prolific composer of all genres. He wrote operas, symphonies, songs, chamber music, and choral music. Donizetti was also Verdi's immediate forerunner in serious Italian opera.
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Bellini was an Italian opera composer that lived a short life. He wrote 10 serious operas. He also created dramas with extreme passion, action, and emotion.
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Berlioz, a French composer, writer, conductor, and innovator, was the leading French musician in his day. He wrote operas, chamber music, choral music, symphonies, writings, tone poems, vocal works, and works of untraditional genres. His works embody the notions of Romanticism.
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A European trained prolific composer, Glinka was the father of Russian music. He wrote stage works, orchestral works, chamber music, vocal works, and piano works.
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Sister of Felix Mendelssohn, Fanny was trained in the same way but discouraged from composing. She married and continued to publish. She wrote Lieder, chamber music, choral works, and an overture. Her house was a center for culture and intellectuals.
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Mendelssohn, a German composer of Jewish heritage, was an early romantic with a conservative style. He was important as a conductor and revised Bach's music. He wrote symphonies, chamber music, concertos, piano and organ works, and Lieder.
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Emotions were incorporated into the music. One of the most distinguishable features of Romanticism was longing. Feelings of passion were glorified more than reflection or self-control. Brass and percussion sections were enlarged. Chromaticism was freely used. Solo recitals were popularized and widespread. The upward leap of a sixth in the music became the "romantic" interval. Homophony, monophony, and polyphony were common used textures. The piano improved greatly during this era.
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Chopin was a Polish/French pianist and composer who innovated new piano techniques. He wrote piano concertos, sonatas, and chamber music that involved a piano. He is more poplar today than he was during his time. Most known for his character pieces. Called the poet of the piano.
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Robert Schumann was important as a critic, composer, and editor. He was the center of musical life who sadly lost his sanity at a young age. He wrote symphonies, chamber music, Lieder, piano works, one (not so great) opera, and concertos.
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Liszt was a conductor, author, virtuoso pianist, supporter of Wagner, and inventor of the orchestral tone poem. He also invented musical form, aesthetics, and harmonies. He wrote tone poems, Lieder, dramatic works, vocal works, piano works, and writings.
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Wagner was the creator of German Music Drama. He was also a writer, conductor, and musical innovator. Wagner strove for endless melodies and wrote about music of the future. He wrote operas, writings, music dramas, and 2 (poor) symphonies. Wagner also was an Anti-Semite. He profoundly influenced Western harmony.
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Verdi was the leading Italian opera composer of the 19th century and became a national hero of Italy. He wrote choral music and 26 operas.
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Gounod, a prolific French composer, wrote operas, masses, oratorios, piano works, and much choral music. He wrote in most genres of the day.
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Offenbach was the inventor of Opera bouffe. He wrote dramatic works, vocal works, dance music, ballets, and works for cello. He also introduced the can-can.
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Wife of Robert Schumann, Clara Schumann was a virtuoso pianist. She wrote Lieder, and a piano concerto. Was also a close friend of Brahms.
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Franck was a French nationalist composer, organist, and teacher. He wrote stage works, orchestral music, choral music, chamber music, organ works,
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Smetana was a Czech composer who established Czech opera in the 19th century. Other than operas, he also wrote tone poems. Was also a nationalist.
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Bruckner was an Austrian composer and organist who was known for his large orchestrations. He wrote symphonies, organ works, and choral music. He was also a follower of Wagner and had an incredibly conscientious approach to composition.
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Called the "Waltz-King," Strauss was a Viennese composer, violinist, and conductor. He wrote Viennese operettas.
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An American songwriter with vernacular style.
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Gottschalk was one of the most significant American 19th century musicians. He was also well known in Europe. He wrote symphonies, piano works, concertos, a few vocal works, and operas. Was also a virtuoso pianist.
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Brahms, friends with the Schumann's and one of the first editors of Bach's music, was an Austrian composer known as a classic-romantic. He wrote symphonies, choral music, concertos, chamber music, German Requiem, Lieder, piano works, and other orchestral works. He never wrote an opera. Brahms also had strong knowledge of the musical past.
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Camille Saint-Saens was a French composer, organist, pianist, and writer. He wrote stage works, songs, choral music, chamber music, orchestral works, piano works, and writings.
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Bizet was a French composer who created a new type of serious French opera. He also wrote dramatic works, songs, and piano works.
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Paine was an American composer, organist, and teacher of the new generation of American composers. He wrote stage works, songs, choral music, orchestral works, writings, and piano and chamber works. Paine was also Harvard's first professor of music.
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Musorgsky was the most famous of the Russian Mighty Five. He wrote operas, piano works, orchestral works, and Russian songs and cycles. His music is rooted in Russian lore and folksong.
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This man was a Russian composer, teacher, and conductor. He was Western trained. He wrote stage works, symphonic poems, symphonies, chamber music, and songs to name a few.
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Dvorak was the most famous of the Czech composers. He lived in the USA and was influenced by Native American and African-American music and culture. He wrote symphonies, chamber music, choral music, piano works, orchestral works, concertos, and songs.
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Sousa was an American leader of the U.S. Marine Band in 1880. He wrote vocal works and over 100 marches.
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Elgar was an English composer who received international acclaim. He wrote symphonies, stage works, overtures, chamber music, choral music, and piano works. He was not folksong oriented.
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Wolf was an Austrian composer influenced by Wagner. He wrote 1 opera and 250 Lieder.
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