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Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven was an instrumental person in moving music towards Romanticism, and an icon in our culture today. Established the heroic topic in orchestral music and was a transitional composer between classicism and romanticism. He composed 9 symphonies, 32 piano sonatas, 1 opera, and much more. -
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Hoffmann
E.T.A. Hoffmann was a German writer and composer. He wrote The Nutcracker fable. Writings epitomize romanticism and he also painted. He did writings, stage works, piano works, vocal works, and more. -
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Weber
Carl Maria von Weber was the founder of German Romantic Opera and studied with Haydn. Weber was an important conductor, and composed German opera, other dramatic works, cantatas, and other works. -
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Rossini
Gioachino Rossini was the most famous composer in early 19th century in Vienna. He was an Italian composer and mostly composed choral music and operas. He composed 39 operas, choral music, vocal works, and 2 sinfonia. -
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Donizetti
Gaetano Donizetti was a student of Mayr. Donizetti was Verdi's immediate forerunner in serious Italian opera, and was a prolific composer in all genres. He composed 70 operas, symphonies, chamber music, 100 songs, and choral music. -
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Schubert
Franz Schubert was an Austrian composer who created a genre of artistic and dramatic Lieder. Used expansive melodies, frequent modulations, and had many unfinished works. Romanticized after his early death. Composed over 600 Lieder, 9 symphonies, chamber music, piano works, 13 operas, and choral music. -
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Berlioz
Hector Berlioz was the leading French musician in his day. His works embody the notion of Romanticism in them. He was a composer, innovator, conductor, and writer. Composed operas, choral music, chamber music, and tone poems. -
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Mendelssohn
Felix Mendelssohn was early romantic and an important composer. He revived Bach's music, and was a German composer with Jewish heritage. Composed symphonies, concertos, chamber music, and Lieder. -
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Schumann
Robert Schumann was important as a critic, composer, and editor. Was in the center of musical life but lost his sanity at a young age. 4 symphonies, Lieder, chamber music, and concertos. -
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Chopin
Frederic Francois Chopin was a Polish/French composer and pianist. He innovated new piano techniques and is more famous today then he was during his lifetime. Composed piano concertos, chamber music, and sonatas. -
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Romantic Era (1810-1890)
During this era the focus of music turned to emotional content. New harmonies were being produced in an effort to create these strong emotional feelings. Artists started to create new forms of music and harmonies going against rules of composition. Chromaticism especially harmonic type was used more. -
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Lieder
Lieders took on a new importance in this era because composers took the emotional and expressive content to a new level. They were written for a solo singer and pianist and were performed in very intimate settings. -
War of 1812
In 1812 the United States declared war against Britain. This war was largely unpopular with the people as they felt they were to newly a country to be getting in messy affairs. -
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Verdi
Giuseppe Verdi was the leading Italian composer of the 19th century. He was a national hero of Italy. Composed 26 operas and choral music. -
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Wagner
Richard Wagner was the creator of German Music Drama, and was a conductor, composer, and musical innovator. Profoundly influenced Western music and strove for endless melodies. He composed operas, music dramas, and writings. -
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Wieck Schumann
Clara Wieck Schumann was a Virtuoso pianist, and wife of Robert Schumann. Also a very close friend of Brahms. Composed Lieder and piano concertos. -
German Romantic Opera
The founder was Carl Maria von Weber in 1821. The opera looked like a Singspiel, it laid the foundation for Wagner who became the main advocate for German opera. -
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Brahms
Johannes Brahms was an Austrian composer, and known as a classic-romantic. One of the first editors of Bach's music, and a close friend of the Schumann's. Composed 4 symphonies, concertos, choral music, and much more. -
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American Civil War
War that occurred between the Northern Union states and the Southern Confederate states. The main issue that started the war was the status of slavery. The union eventually won and slavery was abolished.