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Jan 1, 1543
Revolution in astronomy
Nicolaus Copnicus who was a Polish clergyman began the revolution of astronomy.
He wrote the "On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres".
He argued that the earth and planets go around the sun and not that the sun goes around all the planets. -
Jan 1, 1555
Peace of Westphalia
Settlement of the Thirty Years' War.
Diivided the three different religions into three different regions:
-Ltheranism dominates north
-Cathlicism dominates south
- Calvinism dominates Rhinve River area -
Jul 10, 1559
Death of Henry II
-Accidently killed in Jousting Tournament
- Soon after Francis died (15 years old son)
-Resulted in 10 year old Charles IX to become king -
Jan 1, 1562
Civil War
Catherine vs. Bourbon
Both of them commited cruel acts
Priests were murdered
Pasters were murdered. -
Period: Oct 4, 1562 to
French Wars of Religion
Calvinsm spread in France.
The Huguenots and the Catholics began fighting many wars.
One-third of the nobles had joined the Hugenots. -
Jan 1, 1566
Calinists attack Catholic churches
Calvinists of the Netherlands attack the churches
they smashed the stained glass windows.
They also smashed statues.
Phillip sent his army for them to punish the poeple who did that. -
Jan 1, 1568
Mary forced to give up thrown
Mary had to give up her thrown of Scotland by the Scottish Calvinists in order to get her one year old son.
After her son was raised Protestant.
Giving up the thrown led Mary into almost 20 years under house arrest in England. -
Aug 24, 1572
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Catholics vs. Protestants.
3,000 Huguenots were murdered in only three days.
In Paris
Massacure didn't achieve/settle anything
happened after Catherine arranged marriage for Marguerite de Valois and Henry of Navarre -
Jan 1, 1580
King Phillip II
After death of Pourtuguese King, Phillip was able to take over the rich empires in Africa, India, and the Americas. He took over because the King of Portiugal had no heir to the thrown. Before that he was able to restore Catholics unity and lead his people agains the Muslims. -
Spanish Armada
Phillip sent 13o ships to the English Channel.
The ships fsent fire ships and that forced the spanish toescape to Scottland.
At the end of the Armada a least half of the ships were lost snd thousands of saliors were either in hunger or dead. -
Henry of Navarre became Henry IV
He becomes Henry III after Henry II gets stabbed to dwath
Stabbed by fanatical monk
Henry II did a fatal trick that leader him to death. -
Jews got freedom of worship
Jews were allowed to worship and pray in synagogues.
By doing this the Duth Republic were considered on the Europe's chief intellectual and scientific centers in that time. -
Edict of Nantes
After he pembraced Catholicism
Made peace with Spain
This Edict grrants Huguenots to be religiously tolerated
Protestants were also able to pray and worship in specific towns and specific places.
This Edict ended the French Wars (of religion) -
France's plague
1612-1632
Almost 5% of France's population died from the plague
The deaths were because pf malnutrition, smallpox, incluenza, and many more reasons -
The Thirty Years War
Catholics vs. Protestants
Civil War of religions
Conflict inside the Holy Roman Empire
In the end the balanced power moves away from the Hapaburg power to Frace, England, and also the Duth Republic.
