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Period: to
Enlightenment Thinkers
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Publication of Two Treaties of Government
Two Treaties of Government by John Locke, published in 1689 was written to defend the glorious revolution, William III taking the thrown and refute Sir Filmore's theory of government. The first part argues against Sir Filmore who believes in the divine right of kings. Locke believes in individuals rights to life, liberty, and property. The second part describes a government that should rule with the consent of the people making positive reference to the Glorious Revolution.
http://bit.ly/37fJcP1 -
Death of King Louis XIV
Louis XIV ruled for over 70 years. Early on he was a great ruler, he expanded the arts, increased the economy, expanded Frances territories, and built a palace in Versailles. He made France into a great power. Later in his rule France declined, due to debt from several wars leading to a lack of services and famine. He abolished the protestant religion, causing thousands of people to leave the country, many being apart of the labor source. He died September 1, 1715.
http://bit.ly/3dqFZAf -
Estate General Meeting
The Estates General was an assembly of the Estates of the realm. This was made up of 3 body's, or estates. The 1st Estate was the Clergy, the 2nd was the nobles, the 3rd was a group of commoners. The estate general had no legislative power it was called together by the king when he needed advising. The last estate general called by King Louis XVI ended with the 3rd estate creating, Tennis Court Oath becoming another step to the French Revolution.
http://bit.ly/3piUvfl -
Period: to
French Revolution
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Tennis Court Oath Taken
After the estates had been made King Louis highly taxed the 2nd and 3rd estates but gave them little say in voting opportunity. The third estate, angered by their lack of input, formed a group for 3rd estate members only called the National Assembly. King Louis and the other estates locked the 3rd estate out. This angered the 3rd estate and they broke into a tennis court and wrote a new constitution for France, this action was eventually named the Tennis Court Oath.
http://bit.ly/2ZisbiI -
Storming of the Bastille
On July 14, 1789 Parisian revolutionaries attacks and over took the Bastille a Royal fortress and prison. its prisoners were freed, its weapons confiscated and guards arrested. This is considered one of the initial events of the French Revolution and gave the revolutionaries the momentum to overthrow the monarchy and fight for a new government in France.
http://bit.ly/2NpiY5J -
Beginning of the Great Fear
After the Tennis Court Oath had been put in place by the Third Estate. King Louis XVI had been afraid for his own safety, hired a group of soldiers called the Swiss Guard. This feared the citizens of Paris, thinking the Swiss Guard was out to kill them. They broke into the Bastille in search of supplies and mainly gunpowder. The rest of the summer the peasants across France had been killing 2nd Estate members, this was eventually known as the Great Fear.
http://bit.ly/2NoU06j -
Publication of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
This declaration had held many thoughts Enlightenment thinkers had promoted about forms of government and the idea to maintaining the protection of rights of citizens. "LIBERTE, EQUALITY, FRATERNITE" was known as a slogan of the revolution, meaning the guaranteeing of freedom, equality and brotherhood. However King Louis XVI had not been interested in this what so ever. Many nobles had not changed their ways, throwing party's while the peasants of France starve.
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Period: to
Haitain Revolution
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Slaves Rise Up on Northern Plantations of St. Domingue
St. Domingue was known for having the most severe form of slavery in the Americas. 700,000-800,000 Africans were brought to St. Domingue. Throughout the year 5-10% of the slaves died due to disease or mistreatment. Once the Declaration of the Rights of Men and Citizens had been published many of the slaves began to riot. However, the whites were scared that the news of the rebellion would spread, killing 100s of slaves to maintain the harsh slavery throughout St. Domingue.
http://bit.ly/3a9lxBx -
King Louis XVI agreeing with the Jacobin order, giving equal political rights to free blacks and mulattoes
The Jacobin's club was a liberal group of men of power in France. It started as a group believing in equality for all men, fighting for citizenship of mulattoes and the abolishment of slavery. King Louis XVI was removed and the revolution in France continued. The Jacobin's and their most famous member Max Robespierre became associated with the Reign of Terror, a period in the French Revolution when many people were executed for opinions and actions against the revolution.
http://bit.ly/3pivfG3 -
Spain declares war against England and Later France for control of St. Domingue
Christopher Columbus claimed Hispanola, now Haiti for Spain. French and English explorers claimed the western part of the island. Many battles between these three countries occurred for control of the island. Ultimately Spain cedes a portion of the island to France. This becomes St. Dominique, the Spanish portion becomes Santo Domingo. St. Dominique becomes one of Frances richest colonies. The Haitian revolution won the islands freedom in 1804.
https://library.brown.edu/haitihistory/index.html -
French Republic Proclaimed
During the French Revolution, the national convention, a legislative assembly, voted to abolish the monarchy, make France a republic, and draft a constitution. After removing most of the monarchy's power in 1791 and imprisoning King Louis and Mary Antoinette in August of 1792, the convention formally abolished the French Monarchy on September 21 1792.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Convention -
King Louis XVI Executed by Guillotine
Louis XVI facing hard times getting dishonored for his actions vetoing laws, made the people question if France truly needed a King. King Louis and his family disguised themselves and tried escaping the issues. However, someone recognized him, making many people see him as untrustworthy to carry out the constitutional monarchy. He and his wife were imprisoned and eventually executed for his actions. After this foreign nations had threatened France about these actions.
http://bit.ly/2NMrOui -
Reign of Terror Begins
This time period was known as the Reign of Terror, as, thousands of French citizens had been executed for being " enemies of the revolution" many had been executed with little to no evidence of being any type of threat. Robespierre, a radical democrat, had argued that this terror in the world was necessary for the revolution, and to achieve their goals. However, Robespierre's argument was rejected and he was eventually arrested and executed.
https://www.britannica.com/event/Reign-of-Terror -
Slavery Outlawed in the French Colonies, including St. Domingue
France abolished slavery in 1794 after a revolt by slaves called the Haitian Revolution. The island was then known as St. Domingue, this is the only successful slave revolt in recorded history after multiple attempts to win back Haiti and re-established Haiti were unsuccessful. France completely abolished slavery in the nation and colonies in 1848.
http://slaveryandremembrance.org/articles/article/?id=A0111 -
The Directory Takes Control of France
The Directory contained a 5 member committee that governed France. As the Directory made changes to France, chaos occurred: civil wars, famine and war with neighboring nations. They turned to Napoleon to help achieve their goals, however, he had his own goals in mind. Napoleon eventually took over and expanded throughout a series of several wars and expanded his empire.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Directory-French-history -
War of Knives Begins for Control of St. Domingue
Toussaint and Riguad started the War of Knives, fighting for control of the island. Toussaint and his troops had joined forces with former slaves and fought against Riguad. Toussaint had defeated Riguad witht he help of England. With control over the island he gave citizens equal right and outlawed slavery and voodoo, a religion most people on the island followed. Many people grew angry with the changes made and rebelled against him.
https://thelouvertureproject.org/index.php?title=War_of_Knives -
New Constitution in France put up for a vote, declares revolution is over
A new constitution was drafted by a 5 man group called the Directory. The Directory consisted of an executive branch, "Five Directors" and a legislative branch, "Corps Legislatif" This branch was then broken up into two houses, the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients. This new constitution had overcome challenges trying to restore France and its economy, they set up elite schools, and made peace with Spain and Prussia.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Directory-French-history -
L´Ouverture proclaims a new constitution in St. Domingue and is declared Governor for Life
As Toussaint had won the war, the control over the island, he had created a new constitution, the St. Domingue Constitution of 1801. Some of the actions of the new constitution were to outlaw slavery and giving citizen equal rights, he also outlawed voodoo, a religion many people on this island believed in greatly. After the people heard about the changes made, they all started to get very angry with Toussaint and rebelled against him.
http://bit.ly/1NmwM0v -
L'Ouverture put in prison by French
Toussaint L'Ouverture, born an Haitian slave, became the first ruler of Haiti. His desire to abolish slavery was his goal as a leader, he successfully abolished slavery on the island, improved trade and the economy. But Napoleon saw him a a threat to his plans for the island. He was arrested and set to France, there he was questioned tortured and died in 1803.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Toussaint-Louverture -
Dessalines created a flag for Haiti
Haiti's first flag was meant to represent their independent nation. Dessalines the creator of the flag had torn Frances flag up and rearranged the pieces. It was thought that the flag had a meaning behind it. Red, standing for the mix of Mexican and African ancestors and the Blue representing Haiti's African residents. In the center of the flag, a palm tree with a cap, to symbolize the battle for independence of the republic.
https://restavekfreedom.org/ -
Dessalines proclaims Haiti's independence
Jean-Jeaque Dessalines was a general in the army, led by Toussaint Louverture who freed the slaves of French and Spanish Haiti. Following Toussaints death the French invaded Haiti planning to restart slavery. Dessalines led a revolution and defeated the French. He became the ruler of the second independent nation in the new world. He was revolted against and killed, 2 years after taking power.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/haitian-independence-proclaimed -
Period: to
Revolutions of Latin and South America
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Mexico declares independence for Spain
Mexico and many more areas felt the need to part with Spain. They wanted to create an authoritative government that would benefit the peoples profits. After Mexico had gain their independence, they struggled becoming poverty-stricken, Mining, Agriculture, and protection had stopped. Around half a million Mexicans died around this time. Mexico had suffered, however they had gained their independence.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/spain-accepts-mexican-independence -
Simon Bolivar arrives at Merida, Venezuela
Bolivar had been chosen to lead the revolution in South America more specifically, Venezuela his home country. He had the idea to attack the Spanish over the Andes Mountains. In the end he defeated, and had driven the Spanish out of Caracas and Venezuela and giving them independence to their country's. His work in Caracas and Venezuela had earned himself a nickname, "The Liberator"
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Simon-Bolivar -
Peru declares independence
Jose de San Martin and other forces had used their power to liberate and eventually announce their independence. Jose joined forces with Bolivar, because he didn't think he was strong enough on his own. Bolivar had declined, not wanting to share leadership. In the battles of Junín and Ayacucho the Spanish were destroyed, leading to Peru's independence. Peru's strong self-government had impacted history greatly.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Peru/Achievement-of-independence -
Gran Columbia formed
The Gran Colombia formed, by Simon Bolivar, bringing newly independent Latin American states together. They created a congress, the Congress of Angostura promising to unite in a republic known as the Gran Colombia. This had spread throughout the North American continent, reaching into South America. The large area formed a republic government, however this didn't last long because there had been political and territorial differences.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Gran-Colombia
