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The Oposition Party
In 1847 the Opposition Party was established. The founders were Kossuth Lajos, Beák Ferenc, Batthány Lajos. Kossuth and Deák worked out the Opposition Manifesto: a representative parliament and a responsibel governement; general taxation; equality before law; freedom of religion, speech and of the press; abolition of serfdom and entailment; union of Hungary and Tarnsylvania.
Kossuth was the leader in the Lower House and Batthány was the leader in the Upper House. -
The last feudal diet (1847-48)
The oppositon achieved: the contribution of the nobility to muniipal tas was accepted; general taxation was rejected; entailment was abolished; compulsory redemption of the serfs was not passed. -
Before the Revolution of 1848 in Hungary
The revolution of the year were the outcome of a combination of factors: -the general tension arising from the conservative international system created in 1815
- the wish odfEuropen nations to be united in a natipon-state
As the Parisian revolution reached Pozsony Kossuth took advantage of it without hesitation. On 3rd March, he urged the immediate realization of the full program of the opposition and demanded a constitution. -
Before the revolution of 1848 in Hungary
Revolution broke out in Vienna sweeping away Metternich's conservative system -
The revolution of 1848 in Hungary (1)
Kossuth requested the opposition circles in Pest to support his struggle at the diet by submitting a petition. So the revolutionary democracts decided to take immediate action
Yung men of March began their historic march from Cafe Pilvax. Firstly they confiscated the printing workshop of Landerer and they had the Twelve Points and Petőfi's poem, 'Nemzeti Dal' printed and then they made the council accept the Twelve Points. -
The Revolution of 1848 in Hungary(2)
It was drafted by the revolutionary democrats which summed up the demands of the liberal opposition.
That was the first legal document of the revolution colud sent to Pozsony as the petition of the city. Next they marched to Buda where the counselors gave their consent to the Twelve Points and Táncsics Mihály was released -
The April Laws (2)
There was property qualification (people needed land to vote) and citizens became equal before law.
The Constitution liberated all serfs from personal bondage and manorial obligations and serfs became the owner of the plots on which they worked.
Landowners were promised compensation from state as it took their workers. Entailment and tax privileges were abolished.
Freedom of the press and religion was guaranteed and the reunion of Hngary and Transylvania was proclaimed. -
The April Laws (1)
The Hunhgarian revolution achievements were also consolidated by law and sanctioned by Ferdinand V. on 11th April, 1848. Hungary became a hereditary constitutional monarchy (preserved the link with the Habsburg monarchy) Decisions of the king were not valid unless they were signed by one of the Hungarian ministers. A representative parliament was born. The suffrage was more liberal than any other European system. -
The begginning of the War of Independence
At the end of July, Marshal Radetzky defeated the Italian rebels and consolidated Northern Ilatly, so the Viennese Court could devote all its attention to revolutionary Hungary. -
The September turn
Batthyány himself handed in his resignation when Jelacic crossed the border with the permission of the Hbsburg government. The September turn of events transformed the Hungarian revolution into a war of slef-defense. -
The begginning of the War of Independence
The Batthyány government started ti sidintegrate as several ministers stepped down from power (Széchenyi suffered a nervous breakdown, he was taken to a mental asylum). -
Fight of Jelacic
Jelacic troops were defeated in the Battle of Pákozd. The commander of the honvéd battalions was General Móga János. Majority of the revolutionary army was made of voltunteers and the National Guards. -
The National Defense Committee
With the disintegration of the Batthyány government and the military threat of Jelacic, there was a need to appoint another executive body, the six-member National Defense Committee haded by Kossuth to cope with the emergency of war.
A royal decree dissolved the Hungarian parliament and subjected Hungary to military rule under Jelacic. Hungarian parliament regarded the decrees as unlawful and ignored them, investing the National Defence Committee with supreme executive power. -
Another revolution
The Viennese radicals arose another revolution, which triumphed on 6th October 1848. The Habsburg Court left the capital for Olmütz, where severe steps were taken: General Prince Windischgratz was appointed the commander-in-chief of all Habsburg armies. The empreor invested him with full power to suppress the Hungarian and Viennese revolutions. -
Hungary fled
As Hungaryans put their feet on Austrian soil the revolution in Vienna had been suppressd; thus Hungarian and Austrian revolutionaries couldn't join forces. The Hungarian army was easiely put to flight by the concentrated Austrian troops at the Battle of Schwechat on 30 October 1848 -
Organizing the defense (2)
They crated war industry and established military hospitals. By spring Hungary had a strong army about 170,000 soldiers. (For months there was no need to recruit soldiers, because of the many volunteers.) -
Organising the defense(1)
After the battle of Schwechat, Kossuth appointed Görgey Arthúr commander-in-chuef of the Hungarin army. It was a great decision as Görgey was a talented military leader, excellent strategist and his authority among soldiers was essential. He not only saved the army but he reorganized it and drilled his soldiers. The National Defense Committee togther with the Ministry of War organized recruitment and logistucal support. -
Francis Joseph
Ferdinad V choosed his nephew to succeed him on the throne, but only in 1867, after the compromise was concluded, was he crowned with the Holy Crown -
Defeate and retreat
Windischgraetz launched a large-scale offensive campaign against revolutionary Hungary.
On 30th December a major Hungarian force was badly beaten at the Battle of Mór, so Kossuth ordered the evacatuion of the capital. The revolutionary government along with the treasury and the Holy Crown moved to Debrecen. The parlamentary delegation was sent to negotiate the term of peace but Windischgraetz would only accept unconditional surrender, so the rebellion had been suppressed. -
Defeate and retreat
At the battle of Kápolna Windischgraetz won over Dembinski. Believeing that Windischgaetz had suppressed the Hungarian war of Independence the court issued a constitution to all peoples of the Habsburg Empire on 4th March 1849. It was the ostroyed constitution of Olmütz, but it was never put into practice it remainded only on paper. -
The decleration of Independence
The Hungarian reaction was the Spring Campaign. the campaign started with the victory at hatvan on 2nd April, then on 4th April at Tápiobicske, on 6th at Isaszeg and on 10th at Vác. Bácsak and Temesköz was liberated by Perczel whereas Bem was victorious in Transylvania. -
The decleration of independnce
By the middle of May Hungary was leberated. On the 14th April 1849 the parliament issued the dethronement of the Habsburg dynasty and the Decleration of Independence. Kossuth was made a governor-president and Szemere Bertalan established the new cabinet. -
After the decleraton of independence
The unsolved problems of the peasants led to peasants' movements.
The new state faced meny serious problems, for example Hungary was not acknowledged by European powers. The Holy Allience on May 9th 1849 the russian czar promised help to Francis Joseph and by the middle of June a strong Russian army was sent to Hungary. -
The end of the Hungarian War of Independence
A new minority law was passed, which gave self-government to the minorities. The military situation and the situation of the revolutionary governemnt was unstable. On 11th August the members of the government resigned and gave dictatorial power to Görgey. On 13th August 1849 Görgey surrendered unconditionally to the Russians at Világos. -
Hungary after the decleration of independence
In late June Haynau launched an Austrian attack so Görgey had to retreat and that time Bem's army hed been anninhilated at Segesvár by the Russians. On 9th August Hungary suffered a crucial defeat at Temesvár -
The thirteen martyrs of Arad
As Hungarians surrendered to the Russians The Viennese court took a bloody revenge. Batthyány and 13 generals were executed on 6th October 1849 becoming the martyrs of the Hungarian independence. Kossuth and Görgey left the county and Kossuth was followed by many emigrants whi went mainly to Turkey.
