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Sandhurst Manifiesto
Cánovas wrote a manifiesto signed in Standhurst, where he promised a constitutional government. -
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Reign of Alfonso XII
In 1875 the monarchy was restored under Alfonso XII of Bourbon, son of Isabella II. The Bourbon Restoration in Spain was made possible by two processes:
-Through the political manoeuvring of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo.
- Through a pronunciamiento by General Martínez Campo. -
PSOE is founded
It was founded by Pablo Iglesias in 1879 and was consolidated by the huge surge in the labour movement during this period. -
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Regency of María Christina
After the death of Alfonso XII in 1885, the Restoration was maintained by the regency of Maria Christina while her son, Alfonso XIII, was still a child. -
Bases de Manresa
Catalan nationalism demanded official status for the Catalan language, the establishment of Catalan political parties and courts, and Catalan autonomy. In 1892, Prat de la Riba wrote their proposals in the Bases de Manresa. -
Treaty of Paris
Spain was forced to sign the 1898 Treaty of Paris, where they recognised the independence of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. -
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Reign of Alfonso XIII
Alfonso XIII acceded to the throne in 1902 in a political environment characterised by the crisis of Cánovas del Castillo’s political system, the influence of regenerationism and the deaths of Cánovas and Sagasta. -
Tragic week
The war with the inhabitants of the Rif taht in 1909 required reservists to be called up, set off violent protests in Barcelona,which became known as the Tragic Week of 1909. -
Disaster at Annual
Spain suffered a brutal defeat in the Rif War against Morocco known as the Disaster at Annual,which caused 10000 deaths and caused a huge commotion in public opinion. -
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Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
After a coup d’état by General Primo de Rivera on 13 September 1923, he imposed a dictatorship supported by the king.
His dictatorship went through two stages, which had two different governments.
- The Military Directory (1923–1925).
- The Civil Directory (1925–1930). -
Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic
The citizens’ disapproval of the king’s support for the dictatorship led to significant Republican victories in the 1931 municipal elections. The king went into exile on 14 April 1931 and the Second Republic was declared. -
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Second Spanish Republic
The king went into exile on 14 April 1931 and the Second Republic was declared. After the Second Republic was proclaimed, a provisional government was formed, made up of Republicans, socialists and nationalists who held elections for the Constituent Cortes in June 1931. The left-wing parties won a majority and drafted a new constitution. -
October Revolution
The new government halted most of the reforms, which led to an increase in strikes and the mobilization of left-wing parties. The CEDA demanded to enter the government. This sparked the October 1934 revolution, which was most intense in Asturias and Barcelona. -
Tragic Spring
Political violence reached its peak in what was known as the Tragic Spring of 1936, consisting of a wave of attacks and street violence between staunch falangist, communist and anarchist activists. -
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Spanish Civil War
The coup d’état began in Melilla, Tetuan and Ceuta on 17 July 1936.The next day it spread throughout Spain, having success in rural areas, yet failing in the more industrialised urban areas. The country was divided into two zones, the Republican zone and the Nationalist zone, and the military coup turned into a long Civil War. -
Bombing of Gernika
The war moved to the Cantabrian Coast, where the harshness of the fighting was reflected in the Bombing of Gernika by the German air force’s Condor Legion. -
End of the Civil War
The "Battle of the Ebro" in 1938 led to many casualties on both sides. The insurgents defeated, took Catalonia in 1939 and entered Madrid with no resistance. The Civil War ended on April 1, 1939.