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Period: 1096 to 1291
The Crusades
- The First Crusade
- The Second Crusade
- The Third Crusade
- The Forth Crusade
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Aug 15, 1096
The First Crusade
The very first crusade was assembled and departed to recapture Jerusalem from the Turks. It was made of four Crusader armies and led by Raymond of Saint-Gilles, Godfey of Bouillon, Hugh of Vermandois and Bohemond of Taranto. sources:
http://websites.umich.edu/~marcons/Crusades/timeline/summaries/First_Crusade.htm
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades#the-first-crusade-1096-1099
https://www.britannica.com/question/Who-were-the-leaders-of-the-Crusades -
1147
The Second Crusade
The second crusade was a campaign called to reclaim the city of Edessa. It was led by King Louis VII of France and King Conrad of Germany. sources
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades#the-second-crusade-1147-1149
https://www.worldhistory.org/Second_Crusade/
https://www.worldhistory.org/Second_Crusade/#:~:text=Pope%20Eugenius%20III%20(r.,on%201%20December%201145%20CE. -
1189
The Third Crusade
The Third Crusade formed due to many defeats the Christians had suffered after the second crusade. It was lead by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip II of France, and King Richard I of England. sources
http://websites.umich.edu/~marcons/Crusades/timeline/summaries/third_crusade.htm
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades#the-third-crusade-1187-1192 -
1202
The Forth Crusade
The crusade was originally called for in 1198, but power struggles in and between Europe and Byzantium caused it to focus on falling the current Byzantine emperor, Alexius III. When his successor and nephew Alexius IV was strangled in 1204, the crusade declared war on the city of Constantinople and ultimately ended with its fall. source
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades#the-fourth-crusade-1202-1204 -
1346
The Bubonic Plague First Emerges
The strain Y. pestis of the plague first appears in Mongolia, the worst outbreak being in the capital, Sarai. The Mongols carry it to the Black Sea which begins its spread further. -
1347
The Plague Reaches Constantinople
Survivors of both sides of a siege in Caffa escape by the sea, a ship arrives in Constantinople. The city, now infected, loses 90% of the population. source
https://www.history.com/news/black-death-timeline -
1347
The Black Death Reaches Europe
Twelve ships docked in the port of Messina are found to have most of their sailors dead and survivors horribly sick. Nearly one third of the continent's population dies from the plague. sources
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/black-death
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/the-plague -
Period: 1347 to 1352
The Black Death
- The Bubonic Plague First Emerges
- The Plague Reaches Constantinople
- The Plague Reaches Europe
- The Black Death Fades Out
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1352
The Black Death Fades Out
The plague's spread majorly slows down but never truly ends, returning several times through history. Officials in the port city of Ragusa slow the spread with quarantine methods, keeping sailors on their ships for 40 days. sources
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/black-death#how-did-the-black-death-end
https://www.history.com/news/black-death-timeline -
Period: 1400 to 1495
Early Renaissance
- Fall of Constantinople
- The Gutenberg Bible
- The War of The Roses
- Construction of the Sistine Chapel
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Period: 1450 to
Age of Exploration
- Bartholomew Dias is the First European to Round Africa
- Columbus Reaches the Americas
- Vasco de Gama Sails Around Africa
- The Aztec Empire Falls
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1453
The Fall of Constantinople
The city of Constantinople, after withstanding many sieges and attacks, falls to the cannons of the Ottoman army led by Mehmed II. The city then became the new Ottoman capital with Mehmed ruling as Sultan for 28 years. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1180/1453-the-fall-of-constantinople/ -
1454
The Gutenberg Bible is Published
Johannes Gutenberg publishes the Gutenberg Bible with a new printing press. The printing method allowed the Bible to have better readability and neater script. sources
https://www.thoughtco.com/renaissance-timeline-4158077
https://www.thoughtco.com/johannes-gutenberg-and-the-printing-press-1991865#toc-the-gutenberg-bible -
1455
The War of The Roses
A civil war between the two rival noble houses of England the Lancastrians and the Yorkists, caused by the country being governed by a weak king, who was blamed for large defeats in France, a poor economy, and his unpopular wife and advisors. The war ends with the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, and the victory of Henry VII founds the Tudor line. source
http://theminiaturespage.com/ref/history/reninfo.html -
1477
Construction of the Sistine Chapel Begins
The plans to reconstruct the Sistine Chapel began in 1473, but actual construction was in 1477. It lasted 4 years and was decorated with paintings on the walls and ceiling by many artists. sources
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sistine-Chapel
https://www.thesistinechapel.org/history-sistine-chapel -
1488
Bartholomew Dias is the First European Navigator to Round Africa
While searching for the Cape of Good Hope on the coast, Diaz is pushed out to sea to avoid stormy waters. He does not only find the Cape after being lost in open sea but also is the first to round the southernmost point of Africa. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bartolomeu-Dias -
1492
Columbus Reaches the Americas
The first trip to the Americas by Columbus had ended with landfall in what is the current day Bahamas in the Caribbean. He mistook this area for the other side of Asia, as that was the voyage was for looking a oceanic route that did not require going around Africa. sources
https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/christopher-columbus
https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/christopher-columbus
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/columbus-makes-landfall-caribbean -
Period: 1495 to 1527
High Renaissance
- The Mona Lisa is Painted
- Raphael Paints the Madonna in the Meadow
- Michelangelo Completes the Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
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1498
Vasco de Gama Sails Around Africa
To find a direct sea route to Asia from Europe, Vasco de Gama makes a voyage sailing around Africa. He was the first European explorer to find an ocean route to India. sources
https://exploration.marinersmuseum.org/subject/vasco-da-gama/ -
1503
The Mona Lisa is Painted
Inventor, architect, and Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci begins painting the famous Mona Lisa. He continuously works on it for years. sources
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mona-Lisa-painting
https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/leonardo-da-vinci#mona-lisa -
1506
Raphael Paints the Madonna in the Meadow
First of Raphael's Madonna series of art, it is one of the many works he creates while living in Florence. His style was largely inspired by Michelangelo and Leonardo. https://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/digital/collection/Civilization/id/836/ -
1512
Michelangelo Completes the Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
Pope Julius II chose Michelangelo to decorate the frescos and back wall of the chapel. It took four years and over 300 figures are depicted in total. sources
https://www.thesistinechapel.org/sistine-chapel-ceiling
https://www.thesistinechapel.org/michelangelo -
1517
Martin Luther Writes the 95 Theses
Objecting to the practice of indulgences by the Catholic Church, Martin Luther writes the Theses to question the church. It ultimately becomes the foundation for the Reformation https://www.history.com/topics/reformation/martin-luther-and-the-95-theses#section_3 -
Period: 1517 to
The Reformation
- Martin Luther Writes the 95 Theses
- Martin Luther is Excommunicated by the Pope
- The Treaty of Westphalia
- The Peace of Augsburg
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1521
The Aztec Empire Falls
Rampant disease brought by Europeans and the invasion led by Hernan Cortes wiped out the Aztecs. This was also brought by the conquering of the capital, Tenochtitlan. https://www.softschools.com/timelines/age_of_exploration_timeline/348/ -
1521
Martin Luther is Excommunicated by the Pope
Martin Luther is called to defend his beliefs before the emperor at the Diet of Worms after he is excommunicated by the pope. He stands his ground and is deemed a heretic and outlaw. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/luther-defiant-at-diet-of-worms -
Period: 1527 to
Late Renaissance
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Period: 1543 to
Scientific Revolution
- Galileo Builds the Enhanced Refracting Telescope- -
1555
The Peace of Augsburg
The Peace of Augsburg allowed princes to chose if they wanted Catholicism or Lutheranism as the religion of their domain. It ended the religious conflict between the corresponding religions.https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/german-history/peace-augsburg
https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Augsburg -
Galileo Builds the Enhanced Refracting Telescope
Galileo creates his first telescope and it was able to magnify an object three times larger than original size. He improves this design to be able to magnify eight and then thirty times than the naked eye. https://www.loc.gov/collections/finding-our-place-in-the-cosmos-with-carl-sagan/articles-and-essays/modeling-the-cosmos/galileo-and-the-telescope -
The Treaty of Westphalia Ends the Thirty Years War
A pair of peace treaties called the Peace of Westphalia are signed, which ends the Thirty Years' War that had raged in Europe. It shifted the control of power in Europe and allowed German states to have religious freedom from the Holy Roman Empire.https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/thirty-years-war-ends