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Apr 22, 1073
Political Conflict (Catholic Church)
Pope Gregory VII was convinced and said that God chose him to reform the Church. He said that the authority of the Pope affected all of the Christian world. He said that it included the rulers and if they did not accept it then they would be removed or excommunicated. He did this because he wanted to make sure he had more power than kings and other royalty. This also had to do with a disagreement with King Henry IV of Germany. Textbook- page 135 -
Period: Jan 1, 1300 to
Peasants (daily life & culture)
85-90% of the population were peasants. The peasants in the Renaissance had the same jobs as ones in the Middle Ages. They worked on the land and in farms and had very low pay. But, more peasants became free legally after the Manorial system in the late 1400s. Notes- Life During the Renaissance -
Period: Jan 1, 1300 to
Nobility (daily life & culture)
2-3% of the population were nobility. This is the highest social class during this time. These were important people with political roles or maybe warriors. Nobles were said to just be born like that and with the character and such. You had to be educated and had a high standard of appearance and always wanted to please royalty as much as possible. Notes- Life During the Renaissance -
Period: Jan 1, 1300 to
Townspeople (daily life & culture)
Townspeople made up 7-13% of the population. This was the middle social class but it was broken down into four parts. Patricians were involved in industry, banking, and trading. Then there was Burghers which were considered skilled workers who were artisans, shopkeepers, guild masters, etc. The workers just kept the other higher divisions running. The unemployed were on the bottom. Notes- Life During the Renaissance -
Jan 1, 1321
The Divine Comedy (literary works)
This piece of literature was made by an Italian named Dante. It is a poem. It is about the journey to Salvation. The soul goes through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven but it is imaginary. Notes- Artistic Movements -
Jan 1, 1377
Papal Schism (reformation)
Pope Clement V moved the head of the Church from Rome to Avignon, France and the next 6 popes lived there. Pope Gregory moved it back to Rome in 1377. The French cardinals did not like the new pope after Gregory so they elected a new one in France. Then, a Church council elected another pope. There was three popes at one time. Notes- Martin Luther & Reformation -
Jan 1, 1400
The Canterbury Tales (literary works)
These were stories told be a group of 29 pilgrims who were going to the tomb of St. Thomas Beckett. St. Thomas Beckett was the archbishop of Canterbury when the Henry II was king and there was an argument between the power of him and the church. He was murdered by the kings followers. The tomb was in Canterbury, England. Chaucer began writing the tales in 1387 until he died in 1400. Notes- Artistic Movements
(http://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item126565.html) -
Jan 1, 1405
The Book of the City of Ladies (literary works)
This piece of literature was made by a French woman named Christine de Pizan. This book was about how women could be just as smart, etc. as men if they had the chance. They did not have the same opportunity for education and things like that. This was a very brave thing to do as she was a woman and talking about equality in this time. Notes- Artistic Movements -
Jan 1, 1417
Donatello (artist)
Donatello was an architect and a sculptor. He mainly worked with statues. He also studied statues of the Romans and Greeks. He made very realistic and detailed artwork. His statue of Saint George is very famous because of how realistic it is. Notes- Artistic Movements -
Jan 1, 1434
Cosimo de Medici (patron)
Their family was very wealthy and basically ran the government. He took control of Florence in 1434. He started the Medici dynasty. He was a Patron to the sculptor Donatello and the architect Brunelleschi. Textbook- page 164
http://www.ducksters.com/history/renaissance/medici_family.php -
Jan 1, 1440
Printing Press (invention)
This was invented by Johannes Gutenberg. It worked by putting pressure on a cloth or thin surface with ink and it would transfer over. This made making books and music so much easier and was a huge convenience. In the Reformation, it helped spreading Luther's works and ideas because his followers made copies and spread them all over. Notes- new ideas & inventions
(https://www.smore.com/xgk80) -
Jan 1, 1469
Lorenzo de Medici (patron)
Lorenzo was Cosimo's grandson. He had control of Florence when it was the main cultural center in Italy. He supported Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Sandro Botticelli, and even more famous artists. Textbook- page 164
(http://www.ducksters.com/history/renaissance/medici_family.php) -
Jan 1, 1503
Leonardo da Vinci (artist)
He worked a lot with making paintings look realistic which was popular during the Renaissance. He was a sculptor, architect, painter, mathematician, and inventor. Leonardo made very famous pieces of art like the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper. Notes- Artistic Movements
Textbook- page 162 -
Jan 1, 1505
St. Peter's Basilica (Catholic Church)
This is a building in Vatican City, Rome. It is designed by Michelangelo with a dome in the middle of a cross shape. This building is what started indulgences and raising money in the Church which caused the Reformation. St. Peter is significant because he was a follower of Jesus and like his best friend so he is kind of like the Pope. It is a place for people to get together and is a big religious site. The Pope wanted it to be the greatest. Textbook- pages 237 & 177 -
Apr 18, 1506
Filippo Brunelleschi (artist)
Brunelleschi was a sculptor and an architect. He was inspired by Roman buildings. He found out how to make a dome structure and built the Basilica di San Lorenzo in Florence. Notes- Artistic Movements -
Jan 1, 1512
Michelangelo (artist)
Michelangelo was a sculptor, painter, and architect. He painted multiple frescoes in the Sistine Chapel in Rome. He worked a lot with proportions. The Creation is a fresco he painted which is very famous. The technique used for this was done to make it seem more realistic and three-dimensional. Notes- Artistic Movements -
Jan 1, 1514
Raphael (artist)
He really worked on the idea of beauty. People admire his paintings of the Virgin Mary. Raphael painted frescoes in the Vatican. This is very famous and popular because of its religious significance and it is the Pope's residence. Notes- Artistic Movements -
Jan 1, 1517
Corruption (Catholic Church)
The Church started to raise money through simony, selling positions in the Church. They were also selling indulgences which was just a piece of paper saying you could get through purgatory faster, not go at all, free a soul from there, not go to Hell, etc. They also had like religious artifacts called relics which you had to pay to go see and pray to. These actions of the Church led to the Reformation. Notes- Martin Luther and Reformation -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther (reformation)
He wrote arguments, 95 theses, about the Church's practices and nailed them to the Wittenberg cathedral door. He wanted just the truth from the Bible and the path to Salvation. Then he was excommunicated in January of 1521 for not taking back what he said in his arguments and works. Notes- Martin Luther and Reformation -
Jun 1, 1524
Protestant (Reformation)
Peasants went against their lords and went to Luther. They wanted Luther to support them. They were his followers. They believe that the Bible is the truth and that people can read it and interpret it for themselves. An important part is that salvation only comes from ones faith in Christ. This led to Lutheranism and more. These people rejected the authority the Pope had. Notes- Martin Luther and Reformation
Textbook- page 180 -
Jan 1, 1543
Heliocentric Solar System (scientific discovery)
This is the idea that the Sun is in the middle of our solar system and all the planets and everything orbit it. This theory was discovered by Nicolaus Copernicus. It was a big deal because it let us discover other things in the solar system. At the time, it went against the Church who thought that the Earth was in the center. Notes- new idea & inventions
(https://www.smore.com/ra4zs-heliocentric-solar-system) -
Microscope (invention)
Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first man to create and use a microscope. Two men, Zacharius and his dad Hans, experimented with it with different sized lenses. They used different sized lenses in a tube and discovered that the end of the tube was larger than it was before. This device makes objects bigger and enhances the image. This is used for science and medicine and more. notes- new ideas & inventions
(https://www.smore.com/kq1z8) -
Scientific Method (scientific discovery)
This is a process where you gather information, make a hypothesis, and experiment your idea to find out of its true or not. Galileo Galilei is the one who is said to have made this and he used it to test his theories. notes- new ideas & inventions
(https://www.smore.com/bt875) -
The Principle of the Pendulum (scientific discovery)
Galileo came up with this when he was in a cathedral and saw a lamp swinging. It took the same time for each swing even though the distance got shorter. This is because there is always the same amount of kinetic energy and that is what make it go in each direction. This discovery helped the invention of clocks. (https://sciencing.com/list-discoveries-galileo-galilei-8249749.html) -
Barometer (invention)
This is a tool used to measure the pressure in the atmosphere. It in Florence, Italy by Evangelista Torricelli. It is mercury in a four-four long tube which creates a vacuum that can last for a long time. He realized by using this the pressure in the atmosphere would cause the mercury to fluctuate in height in the vacuum. Notes- new ideas & inventions
(https://www.smore.com/m78ek)
