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1200
The Renaissance
Started around the 13th century (1201-1300s). -
1276
Giotto di Bondone
Art Innovations: Giotto revealed a new pictorial style that relied on clear, simple structure and a certain complex type, perceptive on things. Instead of having it on the flat, linear and stratified compositions. He's painted things such as The Birth of the Virgin, The Birth of Jesus, and The Crucifixion. -
1445
Gutenberg Press
Literacy: Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1445. Gutenberg's press could produce books quickly and with very little effort. Making books became less expensive which allowed people to buy more reading material. -
1455
Gutenberg Bible
Literacy: Johannes masterpiece is the Forty-two-Line Bible that was completed in 1455 at the latest. The sale for the Forty-two-Line Bible is estimated to have produced many times over the sum Gutenberg owed Fust. -
1492
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus believed he discovered America in 1492 but he actually didn't. Columbus was on finding the shortest and quickest route to the sea west from Europe to Asia, but he never did. He actually accidentally found the Americas. Even though Columbus didn't really “discover” the New World his journeys still marked the beginning of trans-Atlantic colonization. He never actually discovered America because millions of people already lived there. -
1497
Nicolaus Copernicus
Science: For Nicolaus Copernicus, only 27 of his recorded observations are known for his entire life. Most of the observations concerned eclipses, alignments, and conjunctions of planets and stars. The first by him that was known to be recorded was in Bologna on March 9, 1497. -
1498
Albrecht Dürer
The German painter Albrecht Dürer was someone who created 15th century Florence themed paintings. He is an artist closer in spirit to what he paints. This painter experimented with sight and the behavior of light, he studied nature immensely and promulgated his ideas of Renaissance and Northern Gothic styles through the Western world. He did this with mean the engravings and woodcuts that he created. Albrecht made paintings such as the engraving of Adam and Eve. -
1502
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbina (Raphael)
Art Innovations: Raphael's creations expressed a classical type spirit perfectly. They were harmonious, breath-taking, and had a tranquil like state. The sketches and plans for his creations were incredibly detailed, so much so that they were also considered works of art. One of his most well-known paintings is The School of Athens. -
1502
The Americas
They named America after the Italian explorer who was also coincidentally a friend of Christopher Columbus. His name was Amerigo Vespucci. He had made quite a few voyages to the Western Hemisphere and also described his travels in the Western Hemisphere in letters to his friends in Italy. -
1517
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation started in 1517. -
1517
Martin Luther
While others attacked the corruption in the life of the church, Martin Luther went to the theological root of the problem. Martin Luther was a pastor and professor at the University of Wittenberg. He made something called Ninety-five Theses where he attacked the indulgence system. Martin Luther declaring that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the ideology that the Saints held had no foundation in the gospel. -
1525
Huldrych Zwingli
Zwingli built a Christian theocracy in Zürich where church and state both join for a service of God's. Zwingli also agreed with Martin Luther about the ideology and for justification using faith, but he had and supported a different understanding of the Holy Communion. (1525-1531) -
1527
The Renaissance
The Renaissance ended with the Fall of Rome in 1527. -
1536
John Calvin
Calvinism is another form of Protestantism, it's named after John Calvin. John Calvin is a French lawyer who fled France after converting to the Protestant cause. John Calvin agreed with Martin Luther’s teaching about justification by faith. John found a better place for law inside the Christian community. -
1542
Roman Inquisition
The Roman Inquisition was an agency established in 1542 to combat those whose beliefs opposed theirs. They were more successful in controlling doctrine and practice than in those countries where they had Protestant princes with more power than the Roman Catholic Church. There was political and military involvement that was directed against Protestant growth and it reflected in the policies of Emperor Charles V and in his son Philip II, who associated with the Spanish Inquisition. -
1545
Council of Trent
Counter-Reformation: There weren't any serious or notable papal reactions to the Protestants or to the demands to make changes from within the Roman Catholic Church before the mid-century. Pope Paul III is considered the first pope of the Counter-Reformation. He was the one who assembled the Council of Trent. The council met at irregular intervals until the year 1563, where they responded forcefully to the issues at hand. (Council of Trent: 1545-1563) -
Johannes Kepler
Science: Johannes had gotten an unexpected inheritance of a resource essential to discovering what he did: Tycho’s observations. Even though Tycho was stingy with sharing his observations, after his death, Kepler was able to work with data accurate to within 2′ of arc. If he did not get Tycho's data that was exact with its details, to back up his solar hypothesis, Johannes would have been unable to discover his “first law”. The "first law" being that Mars moves in an elliptical orbit. -
Galilei Galileo
Science: Galileo discovered four moons revolving Jupiter in January in 1610. -
Protestant Reformation
It ended in the year 1648.
