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Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Founded
-Congress of Racial Equality: organization that was dedicated to civil rights reform through nonviolent action
-hoped to get civil rights through nonviolent protests
-Its first action was a peaceful protest in a coffee shop; it gained national attention -
Dodgers HIRE Jackie Robinson
-Color Line: Barrier that separates whites from nonwhites
-Jackie Robinson and the Dodgers; break the color line
-Robinson took the field in 1947 -
Executive Order 9981
-Segregation: grouping people by race
-President Truman signs this Executive Order, it effects those in the military
-Executive Order 9981 ends armed forces segregation -
Advocates For Black Nationalism
-Nation of Islam: a religious group that set up a society separate from whites for black people
-Muhammed taught that black people were earth's first people, but they were cheated out of their power and oppressed by evil whites
-Malcolm had been in prison, and when he left in 1952, he joined the Nation of Islam and changed his name to Malcolm X. -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
-Brown v. Board of Education Ruling: Supreme court declaring segregation in public schools wasn't allowed
- NAACP's lead attorney, Thurgood Marshall defended African Americans, and supported evidence that showed there was harm against African Americans with segregation around
-the 'doll test' is apart of the evidence, it showed that kids as young as six had accepted the stereotype that negros were bad, hence choosing the black doll as the bad person, and white doll as the good person -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-African Americans refused to ride any buses, they got Martin Luther King to lead them
-Carpooling systems were created amongst the boycotters so they could get around without walking all the time
-the KKK started bombing in hopes to preserve segregation -
Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock Nine: nine black students who integrated to one school with 2,000 white students in Little Rock, Arkansas
- the governors of Arkansas and Mississippi fought against black students coming to their schools
-a federal judge ordered public schools in Little Rock, Arkansas, to begin desegregation -
First Lunch Counter Sit-In
-Sit-In is when people protest by sitting in a public place and refuse to move, resulting in the loss of customers
-Because of the Jim Crow Laws, 4 African Americans were denied food at a restaurant, so they stayed there till closing, the next day, they and 20 other people sat there and still were not served
- The protests continued for months, so on July 25, 1960 the first African American ate at Woolworth's lunch counter -
Freedom Rides
-Freedom Rides: a protest where blacks and whites would ride on a bus together to test whether southern states were complying with the Supreme Court ruling against segregation on interstate transport
-seven blacks and six whites were attacked by a mob when they arrived on a bus in Anniston, Alabama
-CORE abandoned the Freedom Riders, but SNCC continued them; attorney General Robert Kennedy sent federal marshals to ensure safety for the riders -
Birmingham Campaign: Letter from a Birmingham Jail
-The letter was written by the leader, King, of SCLC when he and 50 protesters, were arrested and put in jail
-King decided the protests and arrests must continue after 30 protesters were arrested before him
-he wrote why African Americans were using civil disobedience -
March on Washington
-March on Washington: more than 250,000 people protested for jobs and freedom and the passage of civil rights legislation
-it was the largest political meeting in the US
-that day, people listened to African Americans performers -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Civil Rights Act: an act that banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, and origin
-At first President Kennedy was pushing for the bill, but after his death, President Lyndon B. Johnson took his place in the pushing
- the bill was stalled in the senate because senators had filibustered it (spoke at great length to prevent the action) -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
- Voting Rights Act of 1965: an act that eliminates any tactics that deny African Americans the right to vote -Overall, the number of African American voters in the South increased from 1 million to 3.1 million between 1964 and 1968 -The act also called for the federal government to supervise voter registration in areas where less than half of voting-age citizens were registered to vote
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Watts Riot
Watts Riot: race riot in Watts, a black ghetto in Los Angeles, caused by frustrations about poverty, prejudice, and police mistreatment
-Lasted for 6 days, August 11-16th
-neighborhoods were burned and looted, 34 people died,almost 900 were injured, and nearly 4,000 were arrested -
Black Panther Party Founded
-Black Panther Party Founded: a group that demanded economic and political rights and would take violent actions if needed
-black power means the power to shape public policy through the political process
-the black panther provided assistance to black people, but by the mid 1970's, the party fell apart due to its legal problems -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Civil Rights Act of s1968: a law that states discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, origin, or sex is banned
-the law had made it so the federal government had to file lawsuits against those who violated the law
-most cites in the US refused to rent to blacks because of discrimination before the law -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Education: Supreme Court ruling that busing was an acceptable way to achieve school integration
- a year after the law, schools had to be desegregated
-a decade later only 1.2 percent of black children in the South attended integrated schools -
Regents of the Univeristy of California v. Bakke
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke: a Supreme Court ruling that declared race may be one factor but not the core criterion in school admissions
-The court was half and half, half for not wanting race to be apart of the admissions, the other half for the opposite
-they eventually said races would be used as part of the criteria, but it would not be the sole part
