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1464
Oxford and Cambridge
Today it most commonly refers to an executive official in any social organization. Early examples are from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge (from 1464) -
"President of the Board of Trade" and "Lord President of the Council"
he founding President of the Royal Society William Brouncker in 1660. This usage survives today in the title of such offices as "President of the Board of Trade" and "Lord President of the Council" in the United Kingdom, as well as "President of the Senate" in the United States -
Parlements
In the 17th and 18th centuries, seats in the Parlements, including presidencies, became effectively hereditary, since the holder of the office could ensure that it would pass to an heir by paying the crown a special tax known as the paulette. -
European universities
The presiding official of Yale College, originally a "rector" (after the usage of continental European universities), became "president" in 1745. -
"Madam President of Tourvel"
In Pierre Choderlos de Laclos's novel Les Liaisons Dangereuses of 1782, the character identified as Madame la Présidente de Tourvel ("Madam President of Tourvel") -
the United States Constitution
The modern usage of the term president to designate a single person who is the head of state of a republic can be traced directly to the United States Constitution of 1787 -
Italian Republic
The first European president was the president of the Italian Republic of 1802, a client state of revolutionary France, in the person of Napoleon Bonaparte. -
President of Liberia
The first African president was the President of Liberia (1848), while the first Asian president was the President of the Republic of China (1912).[citation needed] -
Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov
Over the course of the 2010s the presidents of Russian republics would progressively change their title to that of Head a proposition suggested by the President of Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov and later made law by the Parliament of Russia and President Dmitriy Medvedev in 2010 -
Tatarstan would
Presidents of Tatarstan would reject this change and, as of 2017, retain their title in defiance of Russian law. The new title did not result in any changes in the powers wielded by the governors.
