MEXICOS TIMELINE

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  • 35,000 BCE

    Last Glacial Maximum

    Intense cold during the Ice Age creates the Beringia land bridge between Siberia and Alaska.
  • 30,000 BCE

    First Migrations Begin (30,000 BCE)

    Early human groups start moving across Beringia, likely following large game.
  • 25,000 BCE

    Peak Migration Period

    Glaciers cover much of North America; some groups settle in Beringia while others migrate further.
  • 20,000 BCE

    Glaciers Recede

    Climate warms slightly, but the Bering Strait remains passable for migration.
  • 16,000 BCE

    Coastal Routes Emerge

    Ice sheets retreat, enabling groups to move south along the Pacific coast.
  • 14,000 BCE

    Clovis Culture Emerges

    Distinct tools and cultural practices develop in the Americas.
  • 10,000 BCE

    End of the Ice Age

    Rising sea levels submerge Beringia; human settlements expand across the Americas.
  • 2500 BCE

    Preclassic era

    Early Mesoamerican cultures begin forming complex societies.
  • 2500 BCE

    Beginning of the Maya empire

    Beginning of the Maya empire
  • 300 BCE

    Early olmec empire

    Early olmec empire
  • 100 BCE

    Beginning of zapotecs

    Beginning of zapotecs
    Known for Monte Albán and early hieroglyphic writing in the Oaxaca Valley.
  • 200

    Classic period

  • 300

    maya height of civilization

    maya height of civilization
  • 400

    Monte Alban heighest point

    Monte Alban heighest point
    Monte Albán becomes a cultural and political center in the Oaxaca Valley.
  • 900

    Postclassic period

    Marked by the rise of the Toltecs and the decline of earlier civilizations.
  • 910

    Aztecs rise and fall

    Aztecs rise and fall
    The city reaches its peak, known for monumental architecture like the Pyramid of the Sun.
  • 1438

    Expansion of the Inca Empire

    The Inca build the largest empire in pre-Columbian Americas with advanced infrastructure.
  • 1492

    Arrival of Columbus

    Christopher Columbus reaches the Americas, marking the start of European exploration.
  • 1494

    Treaty of Tordesillas

    Spain and Portugal divide the newly discovered lands of the Americas.
  • 1519

    Arrival of Hernán Cortés

    Cortés allies with Indigenous groups to challenge the Aztec Empire.
  • 1520

    Massacre in the Great Temple

    Moctezuma II dies during a pivotal event in the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs.
  • 1521

    Fall of Tenochtitlán

  • United States Constitution:

    United States Constitution:
    Contribution: Introduced the federalist model and the separation of powers.
    Inspired Mexican liberals in 1824 to structure a federal republic.

  • French Revolution and Declaration of the Rights of Man

    French Revolution and Declaration of the Rights of Man
    Popularized the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
    Inspired Mexican liberals to implement universal rights and the separation of church and state in 1857 and 1917.

  • Cádiz Constitution (Spain):

    Cádiz Constitution (Spain):
    Introduced national sovereignty, separation of powers, and citizen representation.
    Influenced both Mexican liberals and conservatives: liberals adopted its emphasis on citizens' rights, while conservatives valued its commitment to Catholicism.

  • Constitution of Apatzingán (Mexico):

    Constitution of Apatzingán (Mexico):
    First liberal attempt to establish a Mexican constitutional framework.
    Promoted popular sovereignty, individual rights, and a republican form of government, inspired by Cádiz.

  • Plan of Iguala

    A conservative movement declaring Mexican independence.
    Established Catholicism as the official religion and proposed a constitutional monarchy.

  • Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States:

    Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States:
    Based on the federalist and republican model promoted by liberals.
    Balanced tensions between liberals and conservatives by protecting Catholicism as the official religion.

  • Liberal Constitution of Mexico:

    Liberal Constitution of Mexico:
    Resulted from the liberal victory over conservatives.
    Established individual rights, eliminated ecclesiastical and military privileges, and formalized the separation of church and state.
    Triggered the Reform War (1857–1860), where conservatives fought to restore church privileges and a centralist government.

  • Mexican Revolution:

    Mexican Revolution:
    A social movement focusing on land reform and labor rights, going beyond liberal-conservative divisions.
    Led to the 1917 Constitution, which included unprecedented social and labor rights.

  • Political Constitution of the United Mexican States:

    Political Constitution of the United Mexican States:
    Incorporated social demands from the Revolution.
    Retained the liberal federalism of 1824 and introduced social justice principles inspired by the French Revolution and the Mexican Revolution.
    Marked the end of direct conservative influence on Mexican constitutional design.