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Power relations between the French and the Amerindians
French allied with Huron and montagnais (Innu) They are looking for control over the fur trade. “Petite guerre”->guerrilla warfare
40 Aboriginal nations agreed to consider the king of France their father and allowed the governor general to resolve their dispute and help France in wars -
The power of state remember after 1663: Absolutism
a political theory that absolute power should be vested in one or more rulers -
the Royal government
King and minister remained in France and put the following people in charge of the colony Governor: Highest rank in the colony, commander of the army , defense dealt with with external affairs
Intendants: Most influential person, chief administrator, controlled budget, collecting taxes, seigneurial system , built road, setup industries. Sovereign Council: The colony’s high court.Administered over the Parish: priests,hospital ps, schools, charities. Captain of the Militia:Like a chief of police -
Collaboration between state and Catholic church
Church was automatically involved in political decisions because of its role in the sovereign council. The priests acted as missionaries and were in charge of the parishes, nuns worked in the hospitals and some education. The church had a monopoly on religious matters,expected to be Catholic and practice was obligatory.Church would be encouraged population to listen to the governor and Intendant, in exchange the church was allowed the tithe and had insurance that religious, matter were respected -
Life in New France
Settlers had happy lives but it was work. There was work to be done everyday: caring for crops, making clothes, fixing tools, and preparing for winter. Settlers learned to take care of themselves since New France was not developing. Became autonomous and known as the Canadians. In France, they was a gap between the rich and massive amounts of poor -
Articles of Capitulation 1760
The 7 years war in Europe broke out in the colonies. French focuses it's efforts in Europe so New France is left to defend itself French Militia could return home, no one would lose their properties. The French military would lay down their arms and leave.The people could still practice their R.C religion but the Bishop would leave.The people who stayed would become British subjects.The French Elite left because they could afford to do so and had a chance to still, live as elites in France. -
Royal Proclamation 1763
Renames the colony the Province of Quebec. It ecreases the borders to around the St Lawrence Valley. Civilian government - King appointed a Governor who appointed members to the Executive Council. English Criminal and civil law were applied. There were No new Bishop would be allowed. There were no Roman Catholics could hold office -
Treaty of Paris
New France ceded to the king of England except St-Pierre and Minqueton -
Quebec Act 1774
The British fear that the French will join the revelation. Guaranteed French Canadian Loyalty. They enlarged the Area of Quebec to include the Great Lakes once again. They still denied an elected assembly. They did allow for an appointed council. The French Civil law were reinstated. Test Oath Act replaced with an oath of Allegiance -
13 colonies
Americans needed British Protection from the French
Upset they don't get control of the Ohio Valley after helping the British fight against the French. Some Americans traded the French, so the king wanted to control trade and increase taxes. Governor James Murray and guy Carleton bent the rules to please the French because they were the majority and he needed their loyalty -
Constitutional act of 1791
Upper Canada - 20 000 Entirely english. Protestant used the township system English civil laws
Lower Canada - 160 000 people
Mostly french people (10% loyalists and merchants)
Kept their catholic religion, civil laws and now francophone could work in the administration of Lower Canada. -
Constitutional act of 1791
The constitutional act bring in a charge in government: Representative government
Governor general - held veto power
Lieutenant Governor - acted as deputy governor
Executive Council - appointed by the governor to advise him Legislative council - also appointed, approve or reject laws from the assembly Legislative assembly - people elected every 4 years. Had the power to approve or disapprove taxes. They also had the right to create laws. Ordinary people - right to vote for the first time, -
Political parties in Upper Canada
Governor - British appointed
Legislative Council - English speaking merchants and landowners: friends of Governor; appointed not elected; veto power. Legislative Assembly - voted by citizens - (male property owners) government was representative In Upper Canada, two political parties dominated: Family Compact - Wealthy British Tories (conservatives)Reformers - Intellectuals and professionals -
Political Parties in Lower Canada
Governor-British appointed
Legislative council-All english-speaking merchants and seigneurs;friends of Governor; appointed not elected; veto power Legislative assembly voted by citizens - representative. Two political parties dominated: British Party (chateau Clique & Tories)- wealthy British and French who supported British rule; true power brokers. Parti Canadien (partie Patriote)- Wealthy and poor French; early separatists; intellectuals & professionals; unhappy with power. -
92 resolutions
Louis Joseph Papineau the leader of the Parti Patriote, wrote a letter containing the demands of the assembly in 1834. The main demand was for Responsible Government and meanwhile on the council should be chosen from the elected assembly, therefore the government made up by the people would be responsible for its decisions. Papineau’s document was sent to London to be reviewed. -
10 Russell Resolutions
They reject the request for an elected council. Instead of gaining power, the elected assembly actually lost some power. The Governor, Lord Gosford, now had the power to take money from the provincial treasury to pay the officials in the colony. This really upsets the Patriotes and thus begins the demonstration that eventually lead to the rebellions. -
The Great Depression and Duplessis
High volume of unemployment meaning governments are looking to get into power.They have direct payments and welfare state arise to appease the citizens and get them to vote for that party
Unemployment insurance. Family allowance. Conscription crisis #2
Equalization payments introduced in 1957 -
The Union Nationale
The Union Nationale are in power in 1936 to 1939 when Godbout takes power for one term the following changes are made. Voting rights for women, compulsory education until age 14.Nationalization of electricity in Montreal (later becomes hydro Quebec). But quickly the Union Nationale are voted back into power in 1944 for the next 15 years until Duplessis’ Death. -
the quiet Revolution
Driven by cultural and political assertion of Quebecers and the desire for a government with a more interventionist role Jean Lesage was a lawyer and a Federal politician for 4 terms in the federal parliament with the liberals and later ran for head of the Quebec Liberal Party when the Conservatives ousted Mackenzie King's federal Liberals in 1958 1960 campaigned with c'est le temps que ça change
1962 élection slogan used was maîtres chez nous -
Language within Quebec
1961 - Lesage (Liberal) creates the office de la langue francaise was created to promote the French Language.
1974 - Bourassa (Liberal) adopts the official language Act, Bill 22, making French the official language of Quebec.
1977 - Levesque (PQ) enacts the Charter of the French language, Bill 101, making it compulsory for immigrant children to go to French school, forced large companies to adopt french and imposed french on -
Quebec and the Canadian Constitution
In response to the referendum of 1980, trudeau attempts to unify the country by patriating (BNA Act was transferred from Britain to the Federal and Provincial legislatures) the constitution - full independence from Great Britain. All provinces agreed, except Quebec, but the Constitution and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms were implemented in 1982. -
Referendum on an independent Quebec
Federalists - Quebec stays
Separatists - Quebec leaves
Why?
Cultural differences and oppressive struggle since the conquest had many Quebecois seeing themselves independent from Canada and not Canadians.
1980 - Referendum on sovereignty-association (Rene Levesque’s PQ)
Quebec would still keep the economic benefits of being party of Canada but be a politically independent nation.
No side won with about 60% of the vote. -
Charlottetown Agreement
Written with reforms and included recognition aboriginal and Quebec rights. Premiers agreed but then a Canadian Referendum in the agreement was voted against by the people. -
Meech lake accord 1987
Written with various reforms but Manitoba and Newfoundland refused to ratify it. -
Referendum on an independent Quebec
Constitutional agreement failed because english Canada refused to give QC special status, Quebec’s mixed feelings towards indépendance weakened their negotiations, other group saw QC making demands and wanted their interest heard as well
1994 PQ return to power under Jacques Parizeau
1995 Referendum on sovereignty, this time the vote was for a completely independent Quebec, no side of 50.6% of the vote
