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Period: Nov 22, 1500 to
Power
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Nov 24, 1500
First Occupants
Had no official leadership recognized. But, the iroquois had a Matriarchy society where leadership and decision making was the responsibility of women and the algonquins and a Patriarchy society where the father controlled things and held the leadership role. -
Power relationship between Natives and French colonial administrators
The iroquois were allied with the British and the Hurons and Algonquins were allied with the french. They formed strategic military alliances to protect their economic interests in the fur trade. The Hurons traded with the French. Iroquois and huron fought for control of the fur trade territory, Hurons lost and were almost completely wiped out. The fur trade competition increased as the births replaced the dutch in New York. -
Coureurs des Bois
French lost their allies with the Iroquois so they had to go get fur themselves. The couriers des bois formed who are french settlers who acted like natives and made trades for the french with the Amerindians. -
Royal Government
Royal government was installed because the land of New France was suffering.The King was above all, minster of marine was under him, they both stayed in France.Under them there was the Sovereign council who consisted of the governor, intendant and the bishop.Governor:Highest rank, commander of army, defence, external affairs (iroquois),had veto power.Intendant:influences daily life, controls budget, collects taxes, administrates colony.Bishop: Appointed by pope, head/ in charge of all religion -
Royal Government
Under the sovereign council, there was the captain of Militia and way a the bottom was the people. Although the Captain of Militia was not on the council, he still had power. He dealt with the issues on seigneurs (malitia=people's army). Kind of like chief of police. Made up of farmers and the people. -
Power relations between the colony and the mother country
The influence of decisions made by the mother country on the power of the colony. France only cared about New France making them money, not it's development. New France was entirely controlled by France. They had an absolute monarchy where the king names administrators of the colony and he can remove anyone at any time. -
Life in New France
Settlers/habitants had happy lives but it was physically hard labor.There was endless work(no holidays or sick days)including crops,making clothes,fixing tools and preparing for winter.Neighbours normally worked together and kids worked as well.NF was not really developing,so settlers became self-dependent and took care of themselves(autonomous)no one to rely on and no one relying on them.They were known as Canadien.They stayed in NF after the British conquest because the land is what they knew. -
Power relations between the church and the state
The church is implicate in political decisions because of its role on the sovereign council.The clergy was still everywhere; priests in charge of parishes, priests working as missionaries and nuns working in hospitals. The king had power based on the divine right of kings so he could do whatever he wanted. The king ended the system where companies held monopoly (mercantilism) because it was nearly destroying New France. He placed new France under the Minister of Marine and installed a Royal Gouv -
Great Peace of Montreal
The great peace of montreal was a peace treaty between New France and the first nations. It was signed on august 4th 1701 and it ended the conflict between the two groups. It provided 16 years of peaceful relations and trade. -
Articles of Capitulation
No mass deportation occurred,the Elite left because they could and they had opportunities in France. James Murray was sent to over see this. Most people stayed because it was again, all they knew. -
Articles of Capitulation
One the British took over,the articles of capitulation rules were established to stay until the war in Europe was resolved,when they would make more permanent rules.The rules were; 1.The french Militia could return home with no consequences 2.The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave 3.The people could practice Catholicism but the Bishop had to leave (held too much influence)4.The people who stayed would become British Subjects. -
1763 Treaty of Paris
Signed to end the 7 years war. All the territory of New France was given to the King of England except for 2 small "fishing" islands (St. Pierre and Miquelon). They were the only 2 places officially french. The King now had the colony under control but he needed to do something about the amount of French people... -
New Province of Quebec
To assimilate the french, the British brought them all together to watch over them and took away lots of their rights to force them to become English. No french people were coming in, only french Most of whom came was rich merchants. -
Royal Proclamation
Installed RP to try and assimilate and control french pop 1.Named colony "province of Quebec" 2.Decresed the borders to just around the st-lawrence river valley (rest was indian territory). 3.Put in place a civilian government to run the colony (bye royal gov). The king chose a governor who picked members of an executive council to advice him. 4.English criminal and civil laws 5.Land dived into Townships instead of seigneurial 6.No new Bishop allowed 7.No roman catholics could hold public office -
James Murray
As first governor, James Murray had a difficult task. He found the royal proclamation unrealistic because 1% of the population of Quebec was english/protestant and the rest was French Catholic. He wanted everyone to be happy and get along. He allowed a new Bishop, allowed french laws in lower courts, did not call an elected assembly because it favoured english merchants. English merchants were strongly opposed, demanded a new Governor from the king, Guy Carlton came -
Guy Carleton
When Guy Carlton took over as Governor in Quebec for James Murray, he kept the same rules as Murray but for different reasons. He was tolerant towards the french because he wanted to have their loyalty in case of war as the Americans were beginning to demand their Independence. -
Discontent in the Province of Quebec
The 13 colonies were unhappy because they wanted to control the Ohio Valley however the British didn't let them.
The British merchants were unhappy because they wanted to have power through an elected assembly similar to those in the 13 colonies, and they expected the colony to favor English interests.
French weren't happy because all the laws were favouring the wealthy british merchants. -
Quebec Act
The purpose of the Quebec act was to get french canadian loyalty in case of war. 1. Enlarges the area of Quebec 2.Denied an elected assembly 3.Appointed counsel (min.17 members) 4. French civil laws were instated, tithe and seigniorial system are back 5. Test Act Oath Test Oath of Allegiance (swear to king you’re loyal, and could hold office) -
American War of Independence
The americans (13 colonies) were very upset, they fought for the land and won it so they are so mad that the french just get their land. Wanted to expand west, britain said no. They said the 13 colonies didn’t help them enough in the war so they taxed them on everything. The americans then wanted independence. The won and therefore they got their independence. -
Loyalists
The loyalists couldn't stay in the 13 colonies if they wanted to be loyal to the King of Britain. They went to Canada because it was the only British colony left. 36,000 came to Canada (maritimes) and 6,000 came to Quebec (west of Montreal). The english population increased from 1-10% in Quebec. They gave their townships english names, they wanted an elected assembly so they wrote a petition to London and they eventually got their wish. They used civil laws. -
Constitutional Act
Under the Constitutional Act, the Province of Quebec was split into 2 pieces called Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Lower Canada had a bigger population and it was almost entirely French. They were catholic, had french civil and criminal laws and french people could work in administration. Upper Canada was almost entirely english, the population was smaller, they were protestants, they would settle according to townships and they had english civil laws. The Ottawa River divided them. -
Representative Government
Legislative council was appointed by the governor, they approve or reject laws from the assembly, they are the upper class wealthy english merchants. The legislative assembly were people elected by the population every 4 years, they had the power to approve or disapproves taxes and they created laws, they were lower class peasants/farmers (english in upper can. french in lower can.). Lastly, there were the ordinary people who had a say in the gov. for the first time. They were landowners over 21 -
Representative Government
King, British Parliament, Governor. Each Canada had a Lieutenant Governor, executive council, legislative council and a legislative assembly. The Governor was appointed by the parliament, in charge of the army and administration, called assemblies into session and had veto power. The lieutenant governor acted as deputy governor, governor passed on orders to him. The executive council decided the budget of the colony, they were appointed by the governor and advised the governor, rich english. -
Faults in Representative Government
The legislative assembly (landowner) are creating laws that benefit the landowners but the people approving the laws is the legislative council (business’) so they reject the laws. Business people want to build canals, railways, etc. so their stuff can be shipped easier. The farmers don’t care about that because they don’t need roads or canals to sell their crops. This caused nothing to ever get done. Also, this was a fake form of gov. because they had no real power (because of the veto power) -
92 Resolutions
Louis Joseph Papineau was the leader of the Patriotes. He wrote 92 Resolutions, a list of the assemblies demands that benefited the Francophones.Their main demand was for Responsible Government. It was sent to the British Gov. and Lord John Russell responded with the 10 Resolutions. It refused all of the 92 resolutions and took away the assemblies right to vote taxes (only real power).This response was taken as an insult and rebellions broke out in both Upper and Lower Canada. -
Issues In Lower Canada
The two groups were so different no negotiations could occur.
Some people known as “Patriotes” began speaking of a violent uprising as a solution (a rebellion). Bad weather lead to bad harvests famine Disease. The assembly wanted the councils to be elected.More and more immigrants were arriving making land/jobs scarce -
British Immigration
Most of the British immigrants settled in Upper Canada because they spoke english but Irish immigrants settled in Lower Canada because they were catholic like the french. They greatly increased the pope;action of the 2 Canada's and they made Upper Canada's population bigger than lower Canada. -
Discontent In Lower Canada
The Constitutional act had established representative government but those who could be elected held no real power, tensions grew. By the 1830’s two distinct groups have formed; the British Party and the Parti Canadian. The British Party (Chateau Cliques, Tories) controlled the councils, spent money on public works and were Rich british merchants. The Parti Canadian (Parti Patriote) controlled the assembly, power over taxes and were poor french landowners -
Rebellions
Upper Canada Rebellion was lead by William Lyon Mackenzie and quickly put down. Lower Canada Rebellion was lead by Louis Joseph Papineau and after several battles St-Charles, St-Denis and St-Eustache, the rebellion was put down.
The Patriots are supported by the clergy but they don’t have enough support outside Montreal and fail. They were poorly organized and equipped. 12 Patriotes were hung outside Montreal’s prison as a symbol 58 were exiled to Australia and Papineau hid in the states -
Influence of Church
After 1837 the bishops became more and more powerful,the cures became the most important person in the parish.They Influenced everyday life by their rules and their control.The church was still in charge of registering births, marriages, deaths.They controlled orphanages, shelters, charities, eligious festivals. They controlled education through Laval university now (still religious).The Protestant Universities were McGill, Bishops.The english univ. were less religious and focused more on edu. -
Lord Durham
Lord Durham was sent to the Canada’s to give his opinion on what to do He was Britain's investigator. They wanted him to see what happened and make sure it never happens again - find solution to the problems. Lord Durham’s Recommendations: 1.Britain should increase immigration in order to assimilate the French 2. The two Canada’s should be united (eng. now have majority) 3. Responsible Government should be granted to eliminate veto power. -
Act of Union
1.Creates the Province of Canada consisting of Canada East and West (former upper and lower Canada).
2. Canada east and west each had 42 members to its assembly
(84 seats in parliament)
3.Governor still had control and veto power
4.Canada east and west would equally pay for Canada’s debts (Canada West/english owed 10x more).
The Act of Union was the beginning of responsible government. -
Responsible Government
Responsible government meant that the people elected the legislative assembly and now the prime minister would select members of the executive council from the assembly. The executive council now had to get the approval of their proposed las from the assembly. Also, The Governor and the Legislative council were still appointed but rarely intervened -
Politics in the 1860's
No one party could gain the majority vote so they decided to have a merger. To make this happen, they had 3 conferences -
Conferences
Charlottetown Conference:Leaders of Canada East and West,NB,NS,PEI met to decide if they were willing to make a country of Canada.Quebec conference:Same members plus NFLD,they agreed on 72 resolutions/hammered out the details.They decided on 1 fed gov,24 seats each colony,assembly elected,build a railway.Nfld, and PEI withdrew because railway has no use to them. Lastly, London Conference. Formed Dominion of Canada under British North America Act (ontario,QC,NB,NS). Other provinces joined later. -
Native issues
The Charlottetown Accord was created to deal with Native issues.
Native people submitted to the Indian Act since 1876 (establishment of native reserves). The reserves are still technically Quebec land, they own it. Lots of agreements are made throughout the years to deal with all of the native issue such as the James Bay agreement, the repatriation of the Constitution and the Peace of the Brave. -
Responsibilities of Governments
The Federal government was responsible of defence, banking and money, postal service, criminal law, etc. The provincial government was in charge of education, municipal institutions, hospitals, property and civil rights, etc. Immigration and agriculture were shared responsibilities between the federal and provincial governments. The federal government could also disallow any provincial law if it felt it was not in Canada's interest. -
Power relations between union movements and the state
Government controls certain things for working class and unions control others. Unions were there to improve the lives of the working class. The first union strikes were in 1872. Unions was health and safety rights, minimum wage, protection of children and equality for women and elders. An Anti-Labour law was the Padlock Law (1937).
1964 Labour Code recognizes the right to strike to all workers. -
Challenging Traditional and Conservative ways of Quebec
The Union leaders accused Duplessis of opposing social progress and of serving American interests rather than the interests of Quebec workers. They held strikes. Intellectuals and Journalists
such as Pierre Elliott Trudeau and René Lévesque opposed the Duplessis government and attacked the conservative nature of Quebec society in newspapers, magazine articles and television programs.Overall Quebec is in a period of modernization (jobs, unions, intellectuals) -
Quiet Revolution
Also known as La Révolution Tranquille, it is a rapid and far-reaching process of social, economic, and political reform in Quebec in the 60's. It was trying to make the Quebec gov’t the major force behind Quebec's social and economic development by greatly increasing the role of the state, To modernize Quebec's educational system and to allow it to catch up to the other provinces in Canada and To weaken the influence of the Church and to end Quebec's political isolation. -
Power between financial circles and the state
Involvement of businessmen in politics facilitates access to grants, laws and regulations in favour of companies and banks. Big business’ fund political parties. They give money to a candidate and if they are elected, their business will be favoured later and get something in return. From 1960, the state takes control of certain sectors of the economy, subsidizes Quebec companies and recognizes the rights of employees -
Power relations between linguistic groups and the state
Conscription is when the government forces you to go to war. French were forced in both WW1 and WW2. When British took control, they made english rights although they were minority.Quebecers are upset that they aren’t getting paid equal amounts as the Anglophones, and don’t have the same job opportunities as English.
Lots of Quebec nationalists form various political groups are advocating sovereignty or independence for Quebec. -
Maurice Duplessis
Maurice Duplessis loved good hard working labour, farmer life, held back quebec from development. He wanted to be out of business’ therefore the american business interest grew under Maurice Duplessis. Duplessis is also famous because he makes agriculture #1 in society. he favoured Quebec and its independence -
French Nationalism
In 1966,Rene Levesque quit the Liberal party to form the Mouvement Souverainte association(MSA).Along with the RIN and the RN they form the Parti Quebecois,1968. In 1961 the Office de la langue francaise was created to promote the French language. The language issue was huge in QC so several laws were passed: Bill 22- french official language Bill 101- Only French signs were allowed in public spaces. only children with English speaking parents educated in Quebec could go to English schools. -
Power between feminist movements and the state
Women are struggling to obtain equal rights. Many laws came in to effect in the late 20th century, the most important being in 1966, when law on pay equity was adopted. -
F.L.Q
In 1970 the terrorist organization called F.L.Q.(Front de Libération du Québec) begin to plant bombs targeting military establishments in the Montreal area and mailboxes in Westmount (english). The Terrorists wanted the english people to leave quebec, they were hoping that they would get very scared and leave. The main goal of this organization was to attain independence for Quebec from Canada through the use of violence. -
October Crisis
The FLQ kidnapped James Cross and Pierre Laporte. They murdered Lapointe and released Cross.Trudeau uses war measures which means that the government of quebec has total control over quebec, all regular laws are changed (ex; can arrest someone and keep them for as long as you want, curfew).Everyone that is thought to be associated with the FLQ, is imprisoned until they get to the bottom of it. -
Fighting for Quebec's independence
Federalists-want Quebec to stay part of Canada,Separatists-want Quebec to be independent.Quebecers want to separate because of their cultural differences and oppressive struggle since English taking over, many French in Quebec see themselves as Quebecois not Canadian, belonging to an independent nation. They tried by putting out referendum in 1980 but failed to receive the majority. Another such referendum was held in 1995. The results were extremely close 50.6% against, and 49.4% for. -
Constitution Act and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms
To unify the country Pierre Elliot Trudeau met with the provincial leaders to discuss a method of putting everyone together and ensuring full independence from GB. All the provinces agreed except Quebec (doesn’t want to support Canadian initiative) but the Constitution Act and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms went ahead anyways in 1982. (To this day Quebec has not signed this constitution). They tried again by the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Agreement but nothing worked. -
Oka Crisis
The Oka Crisis happened when a golf course wanted to expand into the land of the native people. The natives were very angry and didn't want this to happen so they set up road blocks so that no one could pass through their land. The Canadian army was called in to stand up against the Mohawk warriors and their "army". It lasted 78 days and never got physical but the issues remained and the golf course wasn't built.
