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Malcolm X
Had converted to Islam after spending 6 years in prison. Malcolm thoughts Islam was religion for black people up until he went to Mecca. He disagreed with non-violent strategy of MLF & SNCC. Malcolm didn’t let whites help in his struggle for Civil Rights. Later on lets whites help in his organization, but Elijah Muhammad disagreed, thus he had Malcolm X gunned down in Harlem giving a speech February 1965 -
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Dolores Huerta
She was an activist for improving the Latino community. She fought alongside Chavez, she was a Co-founder of the UFW (United Farm Workers Union), she held strikes and non-violent resistance campaigns. -
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Ike Turner
Was a black musician who made the first rock and roll song “Rocket 88” although there were many white artists who ripped off his song and made covers to it by their name. -
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Elvis Presley
Made rock and roll a phenomenon; he was extremely poor, he adopts rhythm and blues from African Americans; meals it with gospel and country. He created his own sexually suggested dance style. He made an appearance on Ed Sullivan making him more popular -
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Lee Harvey Oswald
Ex-marine with communist sympathies, defected to USSR where he got married, then came back to the States with special permission with the Soviet Union. Supposedly the only shooter in the assassination of JFK. -
Smith Act
U.S. federal law passed in 1940 that made it a criminal offense to advocate the violent overthrow of the government or to organize or be a member of any group or society devoted to such advocacy. -
G.I. Bill
Servicemen’s readjustment act of 1944. Offers WWII vets low interest rates on houses and college tuition. They receive money to start business. It is still around today for veterans. -
38th Parallel established as boarder
Established as a boundary between North and South Korea after the 35-year rule of Japan on the peninsula -
Hiroshima
The US dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima. Known as Little Boy. the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000–146,000 people in Hiroshima. This show of Allied strength hastened the surrender of Japan in World War II. -
Iron Curtain
The boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas at the end of WWII. The Soviet Union dominated Eastern Europe where the curtain divided eastern and western Europe. -
Marshall Plan
A federal rescue plan, allowed the United States to help Europe after the war due to the damage of the industry. -
Fair Deal
Truman adds to the New Deal. Wanting to work on heal care, public housing, education, and public works. Minimum wages, electricity and telephone access. Forced to scale back because of Korea and anti-communist agenda. Which needed bi-partisan support. Truman’s success kept most of the New Deal intact. -
TV Shows
WWII showed TV’s introduction to the consumer market. By 1955 75% of American homes had a TV pictured black and white. People were entertained that way. Drive in theaters also became popular. -
Beat Generation
They were the proto hippies, artist, novelist and poets. Reject American materialism and culture. Rejected home ownership, careers, marriage; individual freedom and pleasure such as drugs and sex. Inspires and lays foundation for war protests in the later 1960's. Beats borrow along from black communities, Jackson Pollock and Mark Rothko influenced them -
Little Richard
Born on December 5,1932. Helped define the rock n’ roll era with his driving, flamboyant sound. Was known for his croons, wails and screams. He influenced bands such as the Beatles. -
Polio Vaccine
Dr. Jonas Salk developed a deactivated vaccine to combat disease. Oral vaccine made available in 1961. Eradicated Polio from the US by 1994 -
Domino Theory
Communism perceived as making territorial and psychological victories around the world. Theory from the late 40's and 50's on how to combat communism. President Eisenhower described it in 1954 as a row of dominoes; “if one falls, the rest will too.” US looked at Vietnam and SE Asia as dominoes; Vietnam was the first. -
Brown v. Board of Education
7-year-old Linda Brown’s parents wanted her to go to a closer school, a white school Topeka, Kansas. NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall uses psychological evidence to win case. Since the Plessy v. Ferguson’s case separation but equal was not actually working. Now everything had to be completely integrated. This changed the segregation school system. -
Emmett Till Tragedy
Emmett was challenged by his friends to ask a white girl out. Supposedly he grabbed the arm of Carolyn, asked her “how about a date, baby?”. 4 days later Carolyn’s husband, and 2 other men went to Emmett’s relative’s house; abducted him, & drove away to a plantation, beat Emmett. Then took him to a river, shot him; dumped body. Body was found 3 days later. Ring on his finger was the only way they could identify him. Funeral was open casket. Mother wanted world to see what the South had done. -
Rosa Parks
43 years old seamstress) boards the back of the bus White man comes up and demands her seat, she refuses. Jo Ann Robinson (English Professor) heard of the arrest and made 35 K flyers told others to boycott the bus system in Montgomery.Its success convinced them to continue until something happened. Bus company needed black riders to stay in business. -
Little Rock 9
Whites resisted integration; segregation resists Brown v. Board for as long as they can. Moderates whites will do half-way measures such as parks, buses, libraries, but Little Rock decides to slowly integrate Central High School: actually meaning never. Governor Orval Farbus orders state troops to stop 9 black students from entering the high school. -
Sputnik
The world’s first artificial satellite. Size of beach ball. Caught the attention of the world. Created a whole new world of knowledge. -
Bay of Pigs
A failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the CIA, President Kennedy had to take the blame for it due to the CIA wanting to overtake Castro. The invasion did not go well; there was a full scale invasion of Cuba thus Americans had to go home. -
Apollo 11
President JFK made it a national goal for May 25, 1961 to send man to the moon.. Command Module Pilot Michael Collins and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin…. Landed the first two humans on the moon. We won the race to space against the Soviet Union -
Hippies
They rejected middle class values, renounced material possessions and used drugs. Hippies were about peace and living the moment without inhibition. -
Feminism
Feminism is the advocacy of women's rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes. There was a split to civil rights due to women looking forward to Feminism. Encouraged women to explore their sexuality, wait to get married before their looks started going away with age. Belly Friedman wrote “The Feminine Mystique” believed women could do everything men could. Movement focused on equal treatment, opportunity and pay. This became a new era for a different way of thinking for women. -
Politics Nixon v. Kennedy
Politicians invoked the power of TV, Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy where the first to ever have a live television debate. It changed the game for presidential debates and what other things they had to worry about. It wasn't just talking on the radio anymore it was looking the part as well. -
Peace Corps
Founded by president Kennedy; inspired young college graduates to work in poor countries; humanitarian projects. Made for us to help put the rest of the world and give back. -
New Frontier
Term "New Frontier" was used by liberal Democratic presidential candidate John F. Kennedy in his acceptance speech in the 1960 United States presidential election to the Democratic National Convention at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum as the Democratic slogan to inspire America to support him. -
Assassination of JFK
Election of 1964; Kennedy campaigning for re-election bid. In Texas for fundraisers in Houston, San Antonio, Austin, & Dallas. Kennedy planned on travelling through downtown Dallas, he wanted the maximum exposure to crowns to generate excitement. He was in an open air motorcade. The route took him by the Texas School Book Deposit in Dealey Plaza, then Lee Harvey Oswald shot him in the head killing him. -
Great Society
Was a set of domestic programs in the United States launched by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964–65. .The Great Society promised education, good standard of living and beautification. -
Freedom Summer
Summer 1964; Mississippi’s the new the target of desegregation. Which becomes the tuning point of the movement in the South; forces the Government to intervene. Gives experience to activist on the left and feminist. 3 civil rights workers went missing on the 1st day; 2 white and 1 black. There was a search area that covered 5 states. All 3 were found 6 weeks later shot in the head, buried in an earth dam. The black man was beaten worse than the two others with shattered bones. -
Daisy Girl Ad
The serene scene gave away to the explosion of a nuclear bomb. Without ever mentioning Barry Goldwater’s name, the Johnson campaign had excited the fear that he was an extremist capable of igniting WWII. -
Selma March
Known as bloody Sunday. 600 marchers set out walking 50 miles to Montgomery for the right to vote as well as MLK. Country police waited at the end of Edmond Pettus Bridge in Selma for them with clubs and gas ordered to go back, protesters knelled and prayed. White speculators cheered as blacks were beaten. TV cameras were there to see the violence. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
President John saw Selma on TV; announced the next day he would send a bill that gave equal voting rights to everyone. August 1965, Acts signed into law. Prohibits literacy tests, poll taxes, and other discriminatory laws. Used federal registrations to register voters; only if the state did not follow the 15th amendment. Department of Justice approving redistricting every 10 years. SCOUTS has picked apart provisions of the act in recent years. -
LSD
first made in the late 1930;s then strict new drug laws passed in the 70's hippies that made heroine and LSD so popular. LSD is a drug made out of lysergic acid diethylamide. This drug included altered awareness of surroundings, perceptions, and feelings as well as sensations and images that seem real though they are not. -
Stagflation
Is persistent high inflation combined with high unemployment and stagnant demand in a country's economy. The word stagflation didn't even exist until the 1970's. From 1958 to 1973, the United States experienced what's known as the "Post-War Boom." Gross annual products in Western nations grew by an average of 5 percent annually, fueling a slow but steady rise in prices (inflation) over the same period. -
Warren Burger Supreme Court
-Nixon appoints Warren Burger as Chief Justice of SCOTUS, he wants Burger to scale back desegregation; but Burger goes ahead with integration. -
Roe v. Wade
It has to deal with abortion and women protesting for legalized abortion for years. Most states totally outlawed it; sometimes allowed only for the life of the mother but it would only be for extreme cases; meaning she had to be dying. Norma McCorvey sued the state of Texas for her right to privacy, and sued under the name of Jane Roe. By the time that the case went up to SCOTUS she had already had the baby and given it up for adoption. Thus SCOTUS rules outlawing abortion is unconstitutional. -
Heritage Foundation
A research and educational institute, popularly known as a "think tank," whose mission is to formulate and promote conservative public policies , limited government, individual freedom, traditional values, and a strong national defense. It was a non-profit lobbying group -
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Gerald Ford’s Presidency
He was a modest person in general. He used to be on the Warren Commission which dealt with the assassination of JFK. He pardons Nixon for all of his crimes and brings about a riot to himself. He adds to distrust to the people who already didn’t trust the government. -
Beginnings of the Personal Computer
Computers and other electronics revolutionize industry. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak change America forever with the Apple 1 computer. Bill Gates introduces a new operating system in 1980 to IBM for home computers. Later it became a competitions to come up with the next upgraded computer. -
Video Head System (VHS)
Developed by Victor Company of Japan (JVC) in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976 and in the USA in early 1977. The television industry viewed videocassette recorders (VCRs) as having the power to disrupt their business, while television users viewed the VCR as the means to take control of their hobby. -
Camp David Accords
It is treaty between Israel and Egypt, Israel withdraws from Sinai Peninsula, Gaza, and West Bank. Israel stops settling in West Bank but only for now. Palestinians were promised their own government. -
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
-Begins raising prices on oil, Iranian Revolution in 1979 furthers the crisis, by 1979 half of US gas pumps are out of gas. Places an oil embargo on the US for supporting Israel since the oil is from Sudan, Nixon convinces Israelis to give up some territories. -
The New Right
Outspoken conservative movement of the 1980's that emphasized such "social issues" as opposition to abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, pornography, homosexuality, and affirmative action. -
Election of 1980
Jimmy Carter democrat. Was incumbent. Haunted by a bad economy. Hostage crisis in Iran brought down his popularity down. Special force mishap in the desert seals his defeat. Going against Ronald Reagan Republican, Former governor of Cali. He was a former actor in the 40's and 50's. -
Black Entertainment Television (BET)
Made by Robert Johnson, the first black billionaire, features music and stories from the African-American community. -
A.I.D.S Crisis
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, started affecting thousands of homosexuals in 1981. Spreads to heterosexual community through blood transfusions. -
Reaganomics
Ronald Reagan came up with this, it promised to cut income and corporate taxes to spur economy an create better jobs; there was a reduction in welfare spending. Massively increased defense spending which was supposedly offset by new taxes from a booming economy. -
Sandra Day O'Connor
First female Supreme Court Justice.Ronald Reagan nominated her, she was a moderate who sided with the conservatives of the court. She sides with the liberal’s members later on, and retires in 2006 due to her husband’s declining health status. -
Iran Hostage Crisis
US supported Shan of Iran- which was a major oil supplier. Also was a brutal dictator and anti-communist. 52 Americans were taken hostage from the American embassy in Tehran. A special force team was sent to rescue hostages. The Iraq (Saddam) invades Iran, Khomeini negotiates an end to it. The Hostages are released making Carter look bad because the hostages were released on 1/20/1981 the day of JFK's inauguration. -
Music Television (MTV)
In MTV’s early days, its programming consisted of basic music videos that were introduced by VJ's (video jockeys) and provided for free by record companies. By the late 1980's, MTV started airing non-video programming, geared toward teenagers and young adults. MTV was the start to many legend artist such as Micheal Jackson. -
Reagan Doctrine
Stated that the U.S. supports guerrilla groups fighting communist, no longer contain, but get rid of Communism. -
Challenger Explosion
The American shuttle orbiter Challenger broke up 73 seconds after liftoff, bringing a devastating end to the spacecraft’s 10th mission. The disaster claimed the lives of all seven astronauts aboard. it was a major setback for the US, many Americans saw this on television. -
Fall of the Berlin Wall
It was a physical and ideological barrier divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. When the wall was finally torn down as a symbol of the fall of the repressive East German communist government. Germans were the ones who tore it down by using sledgehammers, pickaxes, and other tools -
Rodney King Incident
Rodney King (African-American) was chased 78 miles in his car by LA police. Chase ends with him being beaten which was caught on tape. Riots took place for 4 days, Asian shops looted by black and Latino residents, angry because Asians were not hiring people of color. -
Election of 1992 Bill Clinton
Democrat, governor of Arkansas, An unknown running for President, he was charismatic and understanding. Wins by 43% of the vote. -
Election of 1992 George H.W. Bush
Republican, Large deficits and down turning economy, popular for having won the Persian Golf War. -
Sam Walton’s Just-in-Time Inventory
Created a chain of stores offering large variety of products at low prices; products arrive at the precise time in they are needed, computers track inventory. No need for large in-house stock. this is where Walmart got started, they use this to maintain low prices. -
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Encompasses Mexico, US, and Canada. created a trilateral trade bloc in North America, rules put in place for several industries; Ag and technology. Americans lose many jobs from NAFTA. It stopped Mexican knock-off products. -
Election of 1992 Ross Perot
Was the third party, Independent, successful businessman, took votes away from Bush. Lost to Bill Clinton -
Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Policy
Was the official United States policy on military service by gays, bisexuals, and lesbians, instituted by the Clinton Administration Allowing gays in the military; if they didn’t tell anyone about it,they could enter the military as long as no one knew. The old policy forbade gays from being allowed in. -
The Internet
Started off in military base in the 60's to exchange data. In the 80's supercomputers allow communication on college campuses. In tens of millions of homes by the late 1990's. -
Lewinsky Affair
Special prosecutor (Kenneth Star) got a hold of the affair from a Linda Tripp, since Monica told her everything in confidence. The media got a hold of the story but Clinton denied the whole thing. He testified to Starr that he did nothing wrong. He was impeached by the house of Representatives, since he lied under oath, obstruction of justice. -
Election of 2000 Al Gore
Democrat; Bill Clinton’s VP, he was an environmentalist and wanted to save the new government surplus for Social security; thought of a Baby Boomer retirement. Was beat out by Bush -
Election of 2000 George W. Bush
Republican; he was the governor of Texas at the time, he had Ownership Society. Eventually won after the SCOTUS case. -
Bush v. Gore (SCOTUS case)
Florida could not decide the last vote. Florida then announces that Bush won the state and Gore takes it to SCOTUS. Then they decide 5-4 that Bush won; judges couldn’t be told how to count votes then found out that Gore wins the popular vote by half a million and Bush won electoral college. This case is what decides who won the election of 2000. -
9/11 Attacks
19 Al-Qaeda hijackers boarded 4 planes, they turned over course and 2 of them hit the World Trade Center, 1 hit the Pentagon, and the last one couldn’t find the White House and ended up landing in a plain field. 2,973 died from all of the attacks. President Bush demands Afghanistan Taliban to turn over Al-Qaeda terrorists. -
PATRIOT ACT
(Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism). Security concerns lead to new federal legislation. Law enforcement and intelligence agencies allowed to conduct wide-sweeping searches and surveillance on all citizens. This upset the public because they already had mistrust in the government this only made it worse, because they can now spy when they wanted to. -
No Child Left Behind Education Act
Act passed during baby Bush's presidency. Reports of declining schools across the country; Bush sends bill through Congress. Revamps standards and linking federal funding to student performance on standardized test. -
Hurricane Katrina Disaster
The disaster in New Orleans , Levee system had failed to hold due to huge storm, ending up with 80% of New Orleans flooded. -
Election of 2008 Barack Obama
Democrat; First term senator from Illinois, he is against the war in Iraq. Beats out Hillary Clinton; had a nasty campaign. -
First Hispanic SCOTUS judge - Sonya Sotomayor
Obama nominates Sonia Sotomayor as first Hispanic Justice, also nominated Elena Kagan and Merrick Garland. This was a huge step in the right direction for the Hispanic culture. -
Health Care Reform
Clinton wants longtime liberal goal of nationalized healthcare; has been almost a 100-year goal, he gives the task to his wife: Hillary Clinton. Republicans put out media blitz. They called it socialized medicine. However, It wasn't completely until 2010 -
Affordable Care Act (ACA) “Obamacare”
Obama gets passed reform for private health insurance, everyone is required to have insurance or pay a fine. Many liberals were upset it’s not a single-payer system like Europe.
