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G.I. Bill
The G.I. Bill, or the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, was created to help veterans of World War II. It established hospitals, made low-interest mortgages available and granted stipends covering tuition and expenses for veterans attending college or trade schools. By 1956, about 7.8 million veterans had used the G.I. Bill education benefits, some 2.2 million to attend colleges or universities and an additional 5.6 million for some kind of training program. -
Period: to
1950s
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Hiroshima and Nagasaki
August of 1945, during World War II, a bomb was dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The United States dropped the atomic bomb (Little Boy), on Hiroshima, Japan. This particular explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people and 10,000+ would later die of radiation exposure. Three days later a second bomb (Fat Man) was dropped on the city of Nagasaki, killing about 40,000 people. This led to Japan's Emperor Hirohito announcing the country's surrender in WWII. -
Second Red Scare
The Second Red Scare or "McCarthyism", was named after senator Johnson McCarthy, (who made himself famous after claiming that large numbers of Communists had infiltrated the U.S State Department.) it lasted from 1947-1957. It was a fear driven phenomenon brought on by the growing power of communist countries in the wake of World War II. Many Americans feared that communism was spreading worldwide, and was going to overthrow democratic and capitalist institutions. -
TV Shows
World War II slowed the introduction of the production of the television. When it did come out, approximately 75% of Americans had a black and white television in 1955. The TV introduced new entertainment, such as TV shows like "I Love Lucy" and "Father Knows Best", which showed American Ideal families and the importance of obedience and hard work, there was also an introduction of News tools. The power of the television also influenced politicians to use the power of the TV's -
Period: to
The Cold War
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Berlin Airlift
Stalin was upset, and did not like that there was capitalism in Germany, so he seals off the border. He wanted the west to quit Berlin so he divides Berlin into 4 military zones. The United States and British planes, supply West Berlin with air shipments of food, water, and medicine to approximately 2 million citizens in West Berlin, dropping tons of supplies everyday. These shipments lasted almost a year until Joseph Stalin gave up and reopened the border. -
Fair Deal
Truman announced his plans for domestic policy reforms: national health insurance, public housing, civil rights legislation & federal aid to education. Advocated an increase in the minimum wage, federal assistance to farmers & an extension of Social Security,as well as urging the immediate implementation of anti-discrimination policies in employment.Truman's plans were not popular with members of Congress.They rejected his plans for national health insurance, but raised the minimum wage. -
Beat Generation
"Beats" or "Beatriks", was a literary movement composed of artists, novelists, and poets, who rejected American materialism and culture. It was started by a group of authors whose work explored and influenced American culture and politics in the post - World War II era. Their work was published and became popular in the 1950s. They also, rejected home ownership, careers, and marriage. These people were all about individual freedom and pleasure, such as drugs and sex. -
The Korean War (Forgotten War)
The Korean War was an official conflict, not a war. It began on June 25, 1950, when 75,000 soldiers from North Korea's army went into the 38th parallel, the boundary between North and South Korea. This invasion was the first military action of the Cold War and by July,America entered the war on South Korea's behalf.U.S was trying to come to an agreement with the North Korean's.July 1953,the Korean War came to an end and 5 million soldiers and civilians died. Korean peninsula still divided today. -
Little Richard
Richard Wayne Penniman or Little Richard, helped define the early Rock and Roll era of the 1950s, with his driving, flamboyant sound. With his style of singing, he turned songs like "Tutti - Frutti" and "Long Tall Sally" into huge hits and influenced such bands as the Beatles. In 1957, he quit performing rock and committed himself to the ministry and gospel songs. In 1964, he came back to singing Rock, however, the public response failed to math the enthusiasm that greeted his earlier success. -
Dr. Jonas Salk
Dr. Jonas Edward Salk, was an American physician and medical researcher who developed the first safe and effective vaccine for polio, which deactivated the virus. Polio was mostly eradicated from the United States and an oral vaccine was available in 1961, and by 1964 it was available for the whole world. Polio is a crippling and potentially deadly infectious disease, which debilitated thousands of children per years, and left them paralyzed after the disease was over. -
Elvis
Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer, musician, and actor. Presley was regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, and is often referred to as the "King of Rock and Roll" or "The King".When he would perform,he would shake & grind his hips & legs,which was considered vulgar by some (especially parents), this earned him the nickname"Elvis the Pelvis".During his performances,he would dance how he felt was appropriate & the hip movements became quite popular -
Domino Theory
The domino theory was a Cold War policy that suggested a communist government in one nation would quickly lead to communist takeovers in neighboring states, each falling like dominoes. In Southeast Asia, the U.S. government used this "Domino Theory" to justify their involvement in the Vietnam War, and its support for a non communist dictator in South Vietnam. In the end, Communism did fail to spread throughout Southeast Asia, with some exemptions of Laos and Cambodia. -
Earl Warren Supreme Court
Was a prominent leader of American politics & law.Elected California governor in 1942. When he didn't win the nomination for presidency,he was appointed the 14th chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1953. The landmark case of his tenure was Brown v. Board(1954),where the Court unanimously determined the segregation of schools to be unconstitutional.Warren Court also sought electoral reforms,equality in criminal justice and the defense of human rights -
Brown v. Board of Education
May of 1954, was a landmark Supreme Court Case which ruled that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. This case helped establish the precedent that "separate - but - equal" education, and other services, were not equal at all. This case took place in Topeka, Kansas, and was between Linda Brown and Thurgood Marshall (a NAACP lawyer). Marshall wins the case by using psychological evidence. This case overturned Plessy v.s. Ferguson. -
Period: to
Civil Rights
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Emmett Till Tragedy
1955, Emmett Till traveled to Money,Mississippi from Chicago,& had no familiarity with segregation.Once he got there,he supposedly accepted a challenge to ask out a 21 year old,Carolyn Bryant,& supposedly told her "How about a date, baby?".Carolyn told her husband,& 4 days later Till was abducted.He was beaten severely & shot & dumped in the river.His body was found 3 days later,but it was unrecognizable.His mom had an open casket funeral so everyone could see what Jim Crow was like for blacks -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
This boycott happened 4 months after Till's death. What sparked the 1 year ( 13 months ) boycott was when Rosa Parks, boarded the back of the bus, when a white man suddenly demanded her seat, but she refuses. Jo - Ann Robinson began the word of a boycott, which would continue until something happened. The bus company was ready to go out of business due to former riders starting to carpool. The boycott was successful and SCOTUS ruled segregated buses unconstitutional. -
Eisenhower Interstate System
June of 1956, President Eisenhower, signed the Federal - Aid Highway Act of 1956,it created a 41,000 mile "National System of Interstate and Defense Highways".He said, it would eliminate unsafe roads,inefficient routes,traffic jams & things getting in way of speedy, safe transcontinental travel" Highway advocates argued,that in case of atomic attack in the cities, road would permit quick evacuation target areas.1956 law declared that an expressway system was "essential to the national interest". -
Little Rock 9
The Little Rock Nine were a group of 9 black students who enrolled at an all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957. Their attendance at the school was a test of Brown v. Board of Education. the first day of classes at Central High, Governor Orval Faubus called in the Arkansas National Guard to block the black students’ entry into the high school. Later that month, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent in federal troops to escort the Little Rock Nine into the school -
Bay of Pigs
January 1959,Fidel Castro, a young Cuban nationalist, drove his guerrilla army into Havana and overthrew General Fulgencio Batista (nation's American - backed president). For two years, the United States Department and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) were attempting to push Castro from power.April 1961,CIA finally launched a full scale invasion of Cuba,by landing 1,200 Cuban exiles in the Bay of Pigs.They were armed with American weapons and American landing craft. This invasion was a fail -
Bill Haley and His Comets
Bill Haley and His Comets was an American rock and roll band founded in 1952. They recorded "Rock Around the Clock" which stayed at Number One for eight weeks and sold an estimated twenty-five million copies worldwide. Before this song was released, Rock and Roll was virtually an underground movement, something kids listened to only to the sly. However, this changed after "Rock Around the Clock". Bill Hales has been called "The father of rock and roll" and "Rock and roll's first star". -
Hippies
Hippies were members during the 1960s and the 1970s, of a counter-cultural movement that rejected the mainstream American life.They were about peace and living in the moment without inhibition. Many artists, like The Beatles, Bob Dylan and others, transform their music to match counter culture ideals. They also had a music festival in New York State, called Woodstock. Rock and roll music was also a catalyst in spreading the counter culture. The movement originated on college campuses in the U.S. -
New Frontier
The term New Frontier was used by liberal Democratic presidential candidate John F. Kennedy in his acceptance speech in the 1960 United States presidential election to the Democratic National Convention at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum as the Democratic slogan to inspire America to support him. He wanted to raise minimum wage and cut business taxes by 90%, and most importantly wanted to land a man on the moon, due to the Soviets being ahead of the space race. -
Feminism
Women during the 1960s were split from Civil Rights. Helen Gurley, an American author, wrote "Sex and the Single Girl" which talked about empowerment through sexuality, encouraged women to explore their sexuality, and marry when looks start going away. Another author was Betty Friedman who wrote "The Feminine Mystique" which talked about how women could do everything men could. Feminism focused on the equal treatment, opportunity, and pay of women. -
Discount Retailing
Discount Retailing began in the United States in the 1960s. There was a variety of stores like, K - Mart, Home Depot, and Best Buy. Sam Walton created a chain of stores like Wal-Mart, which carried a large variety of products at really low prices. Retail stores had just in time inventory, which meant that products would arrive at the precise time they were needed. Computers also helped with the tracking of inventory, and the retailing stores had no large in house stock. -
Period: to
1960s
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Politics (Nixon, Kennedy)
In 1960, John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon squared off in the first televised presidential debates in American history. The Kennedy-Nixon debates not only had a major impact on the election’s outcome, but welcomes in a new era in which creating a public image and taking advantage of media exposure became really important to a successful political campaign. Politicians used power of tv's in democratic process, and at end of the debate Kennedy won due to him looking healthier as he was televised. -
Albert Sabin
Albert Bruce Sabin, developed the oral polio vaccine which has played a key role in nearly eradicating the disease. Sabin not only dedicated his entire professional career to the elimination of human suffering though his groundbreaking medical advances, he also waged a tireless campaign against poverty and ignorance throughout his lifetime.Polio, a viral infection that can cause death or paralysis and which had, at the time, reached epidemic proportions both nationwide and around the globe. -
Freedom Rides
In 1961, whites and blacks ride on buses together and go to the deep south, to challenge southern resistance, and protest the segregated bus terminals. At Anniston, Alabama the buses were pelted and the tires were slashed by a mob. The driver managed to drive the bus a few miles out of town. When he stopped to repair the tires, white supremacists firebombed the vehicle. For that group the Freedom Ride had ended. This ride drew international attention to their cause. -
Peace Corps
John F. Kennedy issued an executive order establishing the Peace Corps.Proved to be one of the most innovative and highly publicized Cold War programs set up by the U.S. The Peace Corps captured the imagination of the U.S public, and during the week after its creation thousands of letters poured into Washington from young Americans hoping to volunteer.They built sewers,& water systems,constructed & taught in schools,assisted in developing new crops and agric. methods to improve productivity -
Nikita Krushchev
Nikita Khrushchev led the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War. Even though he largely pursued a policy of peaceful coexistence with the West, he instigated the Cuban Missile Crisis by placing nuclear weapons 90 miles from Florida. He also initiated a process of “de-Stalinization” that restrained the freedom of the Soviet society. He was known for his speeches and also crushed a revolt in Hungary and approved of the construction of the Berlin Wall in August 13, 1961. -
Lee Harvey Oswald
Lee Harvey Oswald, was an ex - marine who had communist sympathies. He was detected for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and came back to the United States with special permission. He is accused of shooting and killing President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963. He was supposedly the only shooter, and delivered a total of 5 shots, 2 of those which strike John F. Kennedy. While being taken to county jail, on November 24, 1963, Oswald was killed by Jack Ruby. -
Warren Commission
A week after President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 1963, Lyndon Johnson (his successor) established a commission to investigate Kennedy's death. After a year of investigation, this commission led by Chief Justice Warren, concluded that the gunman Lee Oswald, had acted alone in the assassination of the president, and that there was no conspiracy involved. This Commission was named after its chairman, Chief Justice Earl Warren. -
Great Society
The term "Great Society" was a set of domestic programs in the United States, created by President Lyndon B. Johnson. He promised education, good standards of living, and beautification, and went beyond the New Deal. His main goals were the elimination of poverty and racial injustice. He laid out this domestic program during one of his speeches at the University of Michigan, May of 1964. An impact of this program was the drop of poverty from 21% to 11% in the years of 1962 and 1973. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
President Johnson gets legislation passed and bans segregation in businesses and places open to the public. It also banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This was considered a triumphant legislative achievement of the civil rights movement. This act was first proposed by President John F. Kennedy, it survived strong opposition from southern members of Congress, and was signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson. -
Gulf of Tonkin Incident
August 1964,USS Maddox was performing a radar sweep of the North Vietnamese coast & exchanged shots with their torpedo boats in Gulf of Tonkin. This incident led to America's open entry into the Vietnam War. Johnson supported the view of America targeting important fuel and military bases, thus developing "Operation Plan 34A". This plan involved sending Asian mercenaries into North Vietnam to carry out acts of sabotage and kidnapping, they also gathered intelligence on important military bases. -
Daisy Girl Ad
September of 1964, a 60 second advertisement changed American politics forever. This ad, showed a 3 year old girl in a simple dress, counting as she plucked daisy petals in a sun-dappled field. Her words were replaced by a mission control countdown followed by a massive nuclear blast in a classic mushroom shape. This ad was intended for Goldwater and to show how he was a genocidal maniac, who threatened the world's future. This was a political attack advertisement made by Lyndon B. Johnson. -
Barry Goldwater
He was an American politician who was a Republican candidate for president in 1964. He was very conservative and wanted to get rid of the New Deal and the Great Society (Lyndon B. Johnson's campaign slogan). Johnson effectively branded Goldwater as a radical and a demagogue whose election would jeopardize the stability a country already ensconced in the Vietnam War.In the end Johnson gets 60% of the votes, which were mostly the house and senate, and wins by a huge landslide. -
Selma March
March of 1965,as Martin Luther King was there, 600 mariners walked 50 miles to Montgomery to try & achieve their right to vote.When protestors walked to Edmond Penus Bridge the country police walted over there & ordered protestors to go back,but instead they kneeled down & prayed. The police used clubs and gasses on the protestors, there were many white spectators there, who cheered the police one. The media captured all of the violence and Americans at home watched the whole thing on their TV. -
Malcolm X
Malcolm X born as Malcolm Little, changed his name to honor the lost names of African ancestors and to reject the "slave" name he was given. He was a natural orator and a civil rights activist, who was for black militancy. He challenged the civil rights movement and the nonviolent approach of Martin Luther King Jr. Malcolm urged his followers to defend themselves against white aggression, "By any means necessary". He also didn't let whites help at first, but later lets them. -
Black Panther Party
The Black Panthers were a paramilitary organization whose members dressed in black commando attire and were for self - defense of black people, it was also originally founded in Oakland, Oklahoma. They stoked racial pride and inner city renewal They appealed to young African Americans in inner cities and many whites feared them, because of their militancy. Huey Newton was the Black Panther Leader, but was later jailed and during his absence the black panthers destroyed themselves. -
Cesar Chavez
Cesar Chavez strikes and marches for better working living conditions for Mexican workers in California. He was a prominent union leader and labor organizer. He created and was head of the UFW or the Their conditions and wages started improving, after 17 million Americans boycott non union by not picking grapes. Dolores Huerta also fought alongside Chavez and was co founder of the UFW Stressing nonviolent methods, Chavez drew attention for his causes via boycotts, marches and hunger strikes. -
Apollo 11
July of 1969, American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, became the first humans ever to land on the moon. Six - and - a - half hours later, Louis Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon. Once taking the first steps, Armstrong famously said "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." This Apollo 11 mission, occurred 8 years after President John F. Kennedy announced a national goal of landing a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s. -
Period: to
1970s
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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The EPA, was initiated by Nixon in 1970, it was created to protect the environment and to set water and air pollution standards. He wanted the EPA to fix national guidelines and to monitor and enforce them. One of the EPA’s earliest successes was an agreement with automobile manufacturers to install catalytic converters in cars, which would reduce emissions of emissions of unburned fuel by 85 percent. They were also responsible for reducing most air pollution emissions from 1/3 to 1/2. -
Watergate
June of 1972, several burglars were arrested in the office of the Democratic National Committee, located in the Watergate hotel building in Washington, D.C. However, these burglars were connected to President Richard Nixon's reelection campaign, and had been caught wiretapping phones and stealing documents.Nixon never admitted to being involved in the scandal, he later resigned. This scandal changed American politics forever, it led to many Americans to question their leaders. -
OPEC
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, was founded in 1960 by Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and Venezuela with the principle objective of raising the price of oil. OPEC cut oil exports to the United States and other nations that provided military aid to Israel in the Yom Kippur War. Exports were reduced by 5% every month until Israel evacuated the territories occupied in the Arab-Israeli war. Nixon convinced Israelis to give up some territory, embargo then ends. -
Roe v Wade
Roe v Wade was a landmark supreme court decision that established a woman's legal right to an abortion. It ruled that a woman's right to choose an abortion was protected by the Fourteenth Amendment, and that criminalizing abortion violated a woman’s constitutional right of privacy, . The case began in 1970 when “Jane Roe”, a fictional name used to protect Norma McCorvey, declared federal action against Henry Wade, the district attorney of Dallas county, Texas, where Roe resided. -
Heritage Foundation
A research and educational institute, known as a "think tank". This foundation promoted conservative policies like, free enterprise, limited government, individuals freedoms, family values, and strong national defense. It was a non profit lobbying group,founded by Edwin Feulner,Joseph Coors,and Paul Weyrich. Heritage has since continued to have a significant influence in U.S. public policy making, and is considered to be one of the most influential conservative research organizations in the U.S. -
Endangered Species Act
The Endangered Species Act or ESA, required fish and wildfire service to list endangered species of plants and animals. These steps were to protect after the identification.Congress amended the Act to provide additional protection to species in danger of "worldwide extinction" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. The Endangered Species Act, was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28, 1973. -
Video Head Systems (VHS)
The Video Head System (VHS) is a standard for consumer level analog video recording on tape cassettes. They were developed by Victor Company of Japan (JVC) in the mid 1970s.It was discharged in Japan in late 1976 and in the United States in 1977. In the late 1970s and early 1980s,In the late 1970s and mid 1980s, several other companies also made attempts to produce a television recording device, like Betamax, who received the most media exposure.However, VHS emerged as dominant home video format -
Camp David Accords
It was an agreement between Israel and Egypt that led to a peace treaty between both Israel and Egypt. The agreements were signed at the White House,and were witnessed by U.S President Jimmy Carter. The agreement became known as the Camp David Accords because the negotiations took place at the U.S. presidential retreat at Camp David, Maryland. Carter and his Secretary of State, Cyrus Vance, pursued intensive negotiations with Arab and Israeli leaders, hoping to reconvene the Geneva Conference. -
The Moral Majority
It was founded by Jerry Falwell, an Evangelical Preacher and who was pro - life, pro - family, pro - American, and pro - Morality. It was a political action group composed of conservatives and fundamentalist Christians. This group played a significant role in the 1980 elections through its strong support of conservative candidates.The members frequently perceived the modern lifestyle as decadent, promiscuous, self-indulgent, and vacuous. They wanted to challenge its prevalence and its influence. -
Robert Johnson
Robert L. Johnson, an American entrepreneur, media magnate, executive, philanthropist, and investor, co - founded the Black Entertainment Television or BET with his wife Sheila. He was vice president of government relations at the National Cable and Television Association, but later left to create the BET, the first cable television network aimed at African - Americans. He also became the first African - American billionaire after selling the network to Viacom in the year 2001. -
Three Mile Island
The Three Mile Island was a site of a nuclear power plant in south central Pennsylvania. March of 1979, there was a series of mechanical and human errors at the nuclear power plant that caused the worst commercial nuclear accident in United States history. There was a partial meltdown, which released dangerous radioactive gasses into the atmosphere. This accident created safety concerns among activists, like the anti - nuclear movement activists, and it also worried the general public. -
Iran Hostage Crisis
In 1979,a group of Iranian students stormed the U.S Embassy in Tehran and took more than 60 Americans hostages. Immediately President Carter made a decision to allowed Iran's Shah to come to the United States for cancer treatment. The hostages being taken was a way for the students to declare a break with Iran's past and an end to American interference in its affairs. The hostages were freed January of 1981, 444 days after the crisis began and hours after Reagan delivered his inaugural address -
Period: to
1980s
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Election of 1980
The election of 1980, had Ronald Reagan as the Republican candidate and Jimmy Carter as the Democratic candidate. Reagan was the former governor of California, and former actor in the 1940s and 1950s. He also had the United Conservative Coalition behind him. Carter was being blamed for the bad economy of the U.S, and the hostage crisis was also bringing him down. When Reagan wins the election and is sworn in, the American hostages were released and Ayatollah Khomeins spites Jimmy Carter. -
Sandra Day O'Connor
She was the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court,as a Justice. She was nominated by Reagan in 1981,& was a moderate who sided with conservatives of the court,but later sides with the liberals.She tended to vote according to her politically preservationist nature,despite everything she put great thought into her cases. She concentrated on the letter of law, not the clamoring of government officials, and voted in favor of what she trusted best fit the expectations of the U.S. Constitution. -
Reaganomics
This was a term applied to the economic policies introduced during the Reagan administration to combat stagflation. During his campaign in 1980,Reagan announced a plan to fix the nations economic mess, claiming an undue tax burden, excessive government regulation, and massive social spending programs hampered growth. However, many disagreed with the achievements of Reaganomics,because tax cuts & increased military spending would cost the federal government trillions of dollars. -
Music Television (MTV)
August 1981,MTV goes on the air for the first time ever, and the first music video to air on the new cable television channel was The Buggles' "Video Killed the Radio Star".Initially it was only accessible just to family units in parts of New Jersey.MTV went ahead to alter the music business and turn into a persuasive wellspring of popular culture and stimulation in the Assembled States and different parts of the world, including Europe, Asia and Latin America, which all have MTV-marked channels -
Reagan Doctrine
President Ronald Reagan wanted to destroy communism wherever possible, in places like, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The Reagan Doctrine was a strategy implemented by the United States under the Reagan Administration, to overwhelm the global influence of the Soviet Union in an attempt to end the Cold War. The United States used the Reagan Doctrine, which served as the foundation for the Reagan administration's support of "freedom fighters" around the globe. -
Iran - Contra Affair
Sandinistas or pro - communists, overthrew the pro - American dictator in Nicaragua in 1979. Ronald Reagan secretly armed the Contras against the sandinistas, and congress finds out, but Reagan's administration continues illegally supporting the Contras. They were selling weapons to to Iran, who at the time was fighting Iraq, so in returns they would release the Americans they had taken as hostages. Finally, in 1986, Oliver North got into a plane crash which ended up revealing the weapons. -
Challenger Explosion
The NASA space shuttle,Challenger exploded in 1986,73 seconds after liftoff,conveying an overwhelming end to the shuttle's tenth mission.This disaster killed every one of the seven space explorer's on board.It was later verified that two elastic O-rings,which had been intended to isolate the areas of the rocket sponsor, had bombed because of cool temperatures on the morning of the dispatch.The catastrophe and its consequence got broad media scope and provoked NASA to suspend all shuttle missions -
Technology
Personal computers became affordable for millions of Americans in the 1990s.Computer industry flourishes, and becomes very lucrative. The internet starts on military bases in the 1960s,but until the 1990s is when millions of homes had internet.Personal computers changed business & lifestyle,there was no need to travel long distance for meetings since they had internet cameras.Money could now be transferred or deposited electronically and emails become common, and paper files now become digital. -
Lionel Sosa
Lionel Sosa was a Hispanic advertising mogul. In 1980 Sosa created a new Agency, Sosa and Associates, which eventually became the largest Hispanic advertising agency in the United States. He created famous advertisements for big corporations, and created advertisements for presidential campaigns, such as those of Republican Ronald Reagan and Republican George W. Bush. He had clients like Bacardi rum, Dr Pepper and Coors beer came seeking his advice on how to woo the Latino market. -
Oprah Winfrey
Oprah creates a well - known talk show, called "The Oprah Winfrey Show", where she talks about issues and trends of the day. The show has been highly influential, and many of its topics have penetrated into the American pop-cultural consciousness. Winfrey has used the show as an educational platform, featuring book clubs, interviews, self-improvement segments, and philanthropic forays into world events. She is also the richest African American woman on Earth,& also supports Barack Obama in 2008 -
Period: to
1990s
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Persian Gulf War / 1st Iraq War
Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, a little nation with a lot of profitable oil. The United Stated, Under President Bush, worried about Hussein and stability in the Middle East. Most concerning was securing Saudi Arabia, another oil rich nation near Iraq and a huge provider of oil to the United States. Bush worked with the international community and the UN, he put together a coalition, a group of countries to fight Iraq.This war was short & effectively expelled Saddam Hussein from Kuwait. -
Rodney King Incident
Rodney King was caught by the Los Angeles police after a high-speed chase on March of 1991.Officers hauled him out of the auto and beat him ruthlessly, while beginner cameraman George Holliday got everything on tape. The four L.A.P.D. officers involved were indicted on charges of assault with a deadly weapon and excessive use of force by a police officer. However, after a three-month trial, a dominatingly white jury cleared the officers, arousing subjects and starting the 1992 Los Angeles riots -
Election of 1992
The election of 1992,had three noteworthy competitors;Republican President George H.W Bush,Democrat Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton,and Independent Texas businessman Ross Perot. William "Bill" Jefferson Clinton (Democrat) was an unknown, he was exceptionally appealing and understanding. George H.W Bush was incumbent, he had large deficit and down turning of the economy, he was also very popular due to the Persian Gulf War,and Ross Perot was a successful businessman.Clinton won w/ 43% of the votes -
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
NAFTA created one of the world's largest free trade zones and laying the foundations for strong economic growth and rising prosperity for Mexico, the United States, and Canada. They wanted to knock down exchange boundaries ( trade ) and set up rules for various industries in agriculture and technology. As this agreement was passed, numerous Americans lost their employments from the The North American Free Trade Agreement. It likewise stopped the production of Mexican knock off items. -
World Trade Center Attack
1993,a terrorist bomb explodes in a parking garage of the World Trade Center in NY leaving a crater 60 feet wide and causing the collapse of several concrete floors.Although this bomb failed to damage the main structure of the skyscrapers,6 people were killed and more than 1,000 were injured.The building endured more than $500 million in damage.After attack,authorities evacuated 50,000 people from the buildings, hundreds of whom were suffering from smoke inhalation. -
Don't Ask Don't Tell Policy
It was the official U.S policy on military service by gays, bi's,and lesbians,instituted by Clinton Administration on February of 1994. The policy prohibited military personnel from discriminating against or harassing closeted homosexual or bisexual service members or applicants while barring openly gay, lesbian, or bisexual persons from military service. This act specified that superior shouldn't initiate an investigation of a service members orientation w/o witnessing disallowed behavior. -
Lewinsky Affair
Late 1990s, America was shaken by the sex scandal involving Clinton and Lewinsky,a white house intern in her early 20s.1995,the 2 started a sexual relationship that proceeded until 1997.Amid that time,Lewinsky was exchanged to an occupation at the Pentagon, where she told Tripp about her affair w/ Clinton.1998, when news of his affair became public,Clinton denied relationship before later admitting to "improper cozy physical contact" with Lewinsky. He was later impeached by the House of Rep. -
Period: to
Contemporary
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Election of 2000
In the Election of 2000, Al Gore, George W. Bush, and Ralph Nader, were the candidates. Democrat Al Gore, was Bill Clinton's Vice President, an environmentalist, and wanted Baby Boomer Retirement. Republican George W. Bush, was the governor of Texas and he wanted an ownership society. Lastly, Independent / Green Party Ralph Nader, was a former consumer rights advocate, and he was also an environmentalist. This election was one of the closest elections in U.S History, and in the end Bush won. -
9/11 Attacks
September of 2001,19 militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda hijacked four airplanes and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the U.S.2 of the planes were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in NY, a third plane hit the Pentagon, and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania.About 3,000 people were killed during the terrorist attack, which triggered major U.S. initiatives to combat terrorism and defined the presidency of George W. Bush -
PATRIOT Act
This act was passed by Congress as a response to the 9/11 attacks. It allowed the federal officials to have greater authority in tracking and intercepting communications, for the purpose of law enforcement and foreign intelligence gathering. It also worked more actively to close the borders to foreign terrorists and to detain and remove those withing the border. The purpose of this PATRIOT act was to deter and punish terrorists acts in the United States and around the world. -
No Child Left Behind Education Act
The No Child Left Behind Education Act (NCLB) was signed into law January of 2002 by President George W. Bush. It is a federal law that provides money for extra educational assistance for poor children in return for improvements in their academic progress. It requires each state to establish state academic standards and a state testing system that meets federal requirements. The NCLB would support public schools, poor districts, monitor students progress and test students. -
2nd Iraq War
The United States along with other forces like Great Britain, initiate a war on Iraq. President Bush and his advisor's built much of their case for war on the idea that Iraq, under dictator Saddam Hussein, possessed or was in the process of building weapons of mass destruction.They rapidly defeated Iraqi military and paramilitary forces. This war became a meaningless war, and it made President George W. Bush look crazy, because his accusations of Iraq having weapons were false. -
Hurricane Katrina Disaster
August of 2005, Katrina struck the Gulf Coast of the U.S.When the storm hit,it had a Category 3 rating on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Katrina brought winds of 10 -140 mph and it stretched about 400 miles across.The storm did a great deal of damage,but its aftermath was catastrophic.There was massive flooding & many people blamed the gov., because they were slow to help the people affected.Thousands of people were displaced from their homes. Katrina caused more than $100 billion in damage -
Election of 2008
In the election of 2008,the candidates consisted of Democrat Barack Obama (47), who was a first term senator in Illinois, he was against the Iraq War, and he also beats out Hillary Clinton in a nasty campaign. The other candidate was Republican John McCain, he was the former Vietnam War prisoner of war, a former Navy pilot, he selects Sarah Palin as running mate,and he also runs as a moderate. Both candidates promise to get out of Iraq.Obama wins 53% of the vote and beat McCain by a large margin -
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act was passed under President Barack Obama in 2009. Its primary objective was to save existing jobs and create new ones as soon as possible. Another objective was to provide temporary relief programs for those most affected by the recession and invest in infrastructure, education, health, and renewable energy. This act would cost the government approximately seven hundred billion dollars in government spending and it would spur the economic growth. -
Sonia Sotomayor
She was born to parents of Puerto Rican descent on June 25, 1954 in the South Bronx area of New York City. After graduating high school on 1972, she entered the Ivy League, attending Princeton University. At Princeton she graduated summa cum laude in 1976, and was awarded the Pyne Prize. On May 26, 2009, President Barack Obama announced his nomination of Sotomayor for Supreme Court Justice. She was confirmed as the first Latina Supreme Court Justice in United States history. -
Obamacare
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) commonly known as Obamacare was intended to expand access to insurance, increase consumer protections, emphasize prevention and wellness, improve quality and system performance, expand the health workforce, and curb rising health care costs. Obamacare aimed to extend health insurance coverage to about 32 million uninsured Americans by expanding both private and public insurance. It has help aid millions of Americans afford better quality health insurance
