-
-
Meccan merchant clans with good reputation and network alliances that helped bring stability to the Islamic community
-
based on small island of Sumatra, kings had powerful navy and controlled commerce, financed navy and bureacracy from taxes levied on ships passing through the region
-
relied on Perisan techniques of statecraft in designing administration. officials called ulama and qadis set moral standards in local communitites and resolved disputes
-
the aristocratic clan of the Carolingians asserted authority of the central government after Clovis's death
-
had dukes with a tightly centralized state, dukes owned all land and could grant it to whom they chose
-
22 kings ruled before Muhammad and companions embarked on hijra, was a trade center for gold
-
(actually estended into 15th centruy), Mansa Musa is best known leader, was Muslim and helped trade relations with Muslims and Mali
-
had a strong centralized government with emperors, who ordered construction of palaces and levied taxes, most known for construction of the grand canal
-
Tang Taizong was a ruler that was ambitious and ruthless, there was an equal-field system and bureaucracy of merit
-
It was financed by profits of trade and had a powerful navy, there was considerable political autonomy as long as citizens payed their taxes and avoided conflict
-
settled at Tula, large and powerful army, center of weaving, pottery and obsidian work