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Brown v. Board of Education
Segregated schools were unconstitutional. African-America children were receiving a less than education compared to their White counterparts.
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018) -
Civil Rights Act
This act passed by the US Government prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color or national origin.
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018) -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Also known as, ESEA. It is the most historical education policy because it contains the Bilingual Education Act, that has a federal goal of helping limited-English speaking students or emergent bilinguals. It also helps put money aside for school districts enrolling large numbers of non-English speaking students.
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018). -
Lau v. Nichols
It was unanimously decided by the US Supreme Court, the lack of supplemental language instruction in public school for students with limited English proficiency violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964
https://www-tc.pbs.org/beyondbrown/brownpdfs/launichols.pdf -
Reauthorization of Bilingual Education Act
Eligibility for educational services were available to students of any socioeconomic status who had limited English proficiency.
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018). -
Equal Educational Opportunities Act
States have to ensure that education agencies take action to eliminate language barriers that prevent equal participation by students in instructional programs.
(20 USC Sec.1703(f))
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018) -
Bilingual Education Act '78
Students with more general Limited English Proficiency (LEP), were eligible for services and the"transitional" nature of bilingual education was reinforced.
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018). -
Castañeda v. Pickard
Schools must only use programs that "produce results." All schools must use "recognized" educational theories.
(Garcia & Kleifner, 2018) -
Bilingual Education Act '84
Provided funding for programs that strictly used English in educating ELL's. Only 4% of the funding was reserved for these programs.
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018). -
Bilingual Education Act '88
25% of English-only programs were funded; the amount of programs receiving money went up dramatically. It imposed a 3 year maximum in transitional bilingual education programs; schools had 3 years to make ELL's fluent in English.
http://www.colorincolorado.org/article/return-bilingual-education -
ESEA '94
Two-Way Bilingual Education programs were getting more recognition; the cap for English-only programs that was legislated, was lifted.
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018). -
Arizona's Proposition 203
Banned bilingual education in the state of Arizona and limits school services for emergent bilinguals to 1 year of strictly English structured immersion programs; includes ESL and content-based interaction in English
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018). -
HS2064
Law passed in Arizona; changed immersion programs into 4 hours a day block classes of English development.
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018).
