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1543
Nicolaus Copernicus exploration
He was an astronomer
- became interested in the old greek idea that the sun stood at the same center of the universe
- after studying planetary movement for 25+ years he found that the stars, earth, and planets revolved around the sun
- scholars and clergy rejected him because of religious veiws
- did not publish findings till 1543 because he was scared of being persecuted
- his book on the revolutions of heavenly bodies- over the next cenrty scientists built on the book. -
Galileo Galilei exploration
quotes- "all truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them."
major achievements- found that a dutch lens could enlarge objects, which led to seeing the night sky closely.
important concepts- Jupiter had 4 moons
-sun had dark spots
- moon had an uneven surface -
Francis Bacon exploration
quotes- " A wise man will make more opptunties then he finds"
major achievement- his writing got scientist to experiment and draw conclusions which is called empircism
important concepts- a better understanding of the world will improve people lives -
Rene Descartes exploration
Quotes- "It is not enough to have a good mind; the main thing is to ue it well."
- "I think therefore I am."
Published materials- discourses on methods (1637)
-Meditations on 1st Philosophy (1641)
Major Achievements-
1) developed analytical geometry
- this linked algebra and geometry
- provided important tools for research
2) developed rules for deductive reasoning (basis of doubt)
- believed in doubt until proven -
Thomas Hobbes exploration
Quotes- "war... of every man against every man"
- "life would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"
Published Materials- Leviathan (sea monster) (1651
- De cive (1st political philosophy) (1642)
Major Achievement -
1) developed the social contract
- people gave up rights to ruler
- gained law and order
2) had philosophy that monarchy was the best government
- could impose order/obedience. -
John Lockes exploration
quotes- "the most precious of all possessions is power over ourselves."
major achievements- his belief of the government needing to protect peoples right and if not it can be over thrown, had a big impact on the modern world.
important concepts-
1) people could learn from experience and improve themselves.
2) all people were free and equal with life, liberty, and property. -
Voltaire exploration
Quotes- "common sense is not so common"
- "judge a man by his questions rather than his answers"
Published material- letters philosophies (1734)
- candide (French satire) (1759)
major achevements
1) published more than 70 books
- political essays, phlosophy, and drama
- very brilliant and influential
2) fought for freedom and reasoning
- " I do not agree with every word you say but will defend your right to say it." -
Baron de montesquieu exploration
- devoted himself to the study of political liberty
- belived britiain was best-governed and politicallyblanced counrty
- he called the division of power among different branches of power
- his idea was meant to keep individuals groups from having total control the gov- was a big part of "on the spirt of laws" (1748)
- was called checks and balances
- his book was appreciated by politicians in British parts of North America and his idea became the basis for the U.S. constitution