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5000 BCE
Prehistory
Earth’s beginnings can be traced back 4.5 billion years, From the invention of tools made for hunting to advances in food production and agriculture to early examples of art and religion. -
4000 BCE
Antiquity
Antiquity begins in the fifth Millennium around 4,500 BCE. It is associated with the gradual beginnings of civilization in the West. -
624 BCE
Thales of Miletus
He was credited in antiquity with the prediction of the solar eclipse, furthermore, Thales acquired legendary status as an engineer, geometer, and astronomer. He made several physical theses, but the most important was the one he said that water is the ''arche''. -
495 BCE
Empedocles of Agrigento
Empedocles of Agrigento formulated a philosophical program in hexameter verse that pioneered the influential four-part theory of roots (air, water, earth, and fire). Empedocles has occupied a significant position in the history of Presocratic philosophy as a figure moving between mythos and logos, religion and science. -
460 BCE
Democritus
Democritus, known in antiquity as the ‘laughing philosopher because of his emphasis on the value of ‘cheerfulness,’ was one of the two founders of ancient atomist theory. -
384 BCE
Aristotle
His extant writings span a wide range of disciplines, from logic, metaphysics, and philosophy of mind, to ethics, political theory, aesthetics, and rhetoric. He proposed a model for the solar system that is based on showing the planets in the celestial realm moving around the Earth in an orderly manner. Aristotle's universe was the accepted model until the 17th century. -
310 BCE
Aristarchus
Was a Greek astronomer who first proposed a heliocentric model of the universe in which the sun, not the earth, was at the center. Although his theory was noted by other thinkers of his time, it was rejected as implausible, and the geocentric model was retained for 1,700 years afterward. -
85 BCE
Claudius Ptolemy
Ptolemy propounded the geocentric theory in a form that prevailed for 1400 years. -
1300
Middle Age
The period in European history from the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century CE. -
1400
Renaissance
The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political, and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. Most of the greatest thinkers, authors, statesmen, scientists, and artists in human history thrived during this era. -
1473
Nicolaus Copernicus
Was a mathematician and astronomer who proposed that the sun was stationary in the center of the universe and the earth revolved around it. At the time Copernicus’s heliocentric idea was very controversial; nevertheless, it was the start of a change in the way the world was viewed, and Copernicus came to be seen as the initiator of the Scientific Revolution. -
1492
Modern Age
The Modern Age, or modernity, is the postmedieval era, a wide span of time marked in part by technological innovations, urbanization, scientific discoveries, and globalization. The Modern Age is generally split into two parts: the early and the late modern periods. -
1561
Francis Bacon
Was one of the leading figures in natural philosophy and in the field of scientific methodology during the period of transition from the Renaissance to the early modern era. Is well known for his treatises on empiricist natural philosophy -
1564
Galileo Galilei
Played a key role in any history of science, as well as many histories of philosophy. The central figure of the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century. -
Rene Descartes
Rationalist
French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher. he promoted the development of a new science grounded in observation and experiment, he is generally regarded as the founder of modern philosophy. Applying an original system of methodical doubt, he dismissed apparent knowledge derived from authority, the senses, and reason and erected new epistemic foundations on the basis of intuition. From there it comes the famous phrase ''I think, therefore I am''. -
Blaise Pascal
Rationalist
Blaise Pascal laid the foundation for the modern theory of probabilities, formulated what came to be known as Pascal's principle of pressure, and propagated a religious doctrine that taught the experience of God through the heart rather than through reason. -
Robert Boyle
Boyle was one of the leading intellectual figures of the seventeenth century. He was an experimental philosopher, unwilling to construct abstract theories with his experimental results. -
John Locke
Empiricist
His political theory of government by the consent of the governed as a means to protect the three natural rights of “life, liberty, and estate”. His other major contributions to philosophy include the development of the influential social contract theory. Apart from epistemology and political philosophy, Locke also made significant contributions to the fields of theology, religious tolerance, and educational theory. -
Isaac Newton
Empiricist
Is best known for having invented calculus in the mid to late 1660s and for having formulated the theory of universal gravity, the latter in his Principia, the single most important work in the transformation of early modern natural philosophy into modern physical science. -
George Berkeley
Empiricist
He was a scientist best known for his empiricist and idealist philosophy, which holds that reality consists only of minds and their ideas; everything save the spiritual exists only insofar as it is perceived by the senses. -
David Hume
Empiricist
Philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism. Hume tried to describe how the mind works in acquiring what is called knowledge. He concluded that no theory of reality is possible; there can be no knowledge of anything beyond experience. -
Immanuel Kant
Is the central figure in modern philosophy. He synthesized early modern rationalism and empiricism, set the terms for much of nineteenth and twentieth-century philosophy, and continues to exercise a significant influence today in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, aesthetics, and other fields. He argued that human understanding is the source of the general laws of nature that structure all our experiences. -
Contemporary Age
The Contemporary Age is the historical period that spans from the year 1789, to the French Revolution and the beginning of the first Industrial Revolution. -
Technological and scientific Development
John Dalton proposed that all things are made up of small particles called atoms that combine among them to create molecules -
Karl Marx
Is often treated as a revolutionary, an activist rather than a philosopher, whose works inspired the foundation of many communist regimes in the twentieth century. Marx’s philosophical anthropology, his theory of history, his economic analysis, his critical engagement with contemporary capitalist society (raising issues about morality, ideology, and politics), and his prediction of a communist future. -
Technological and scientific Development
Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, where he presents his theory of biological evolution by natural selection -
Technological and scientific Development
Louis Pasteur conclusively refutes the theory of spontaneous generation. -
Technological and scientific Development
Gregor Mendel beings the study of the laws of genetic inheritance -
Technological and scientific Development
Marie Curie discovered the radioactive elements, radio and polonium, that would help in the medical progress -
XX and XXI centuries
These centuries witnessed more advance over a wide range of activities than the whole of previously recorded history. The airplane, the rocket and interplanetary probes, electronics, atomic power, antibiotics, insecticides, and a host of new materials have all been invented and developed to create an unparalleled social situation, full of possibilities and dangers, which would have been virtually unimaginable before the present century. -
Technological and scientific Development
Discovery of Z-Term for latitude variation -
Technological and scientific Development
First manned flight of powered aircraft -
Technological and scientific Development
Albert Einstein publishes his theory of special relativity; the same year, he explains quantumly the photoelectric effect -
Technological and scientific Development
Discovery of atomic nucleus -
Technological and scientific Development
Niels Bohr presents his model of the atom -
Technological and scientific Development
Theory of continental drift -
Technological and scientific Development
Discovery of insulin -
Technological and scientific Development
Theorical computer model -
Technological and scientific Development
Manufacture of V-2 rocket -
Technological and scientific Development
Manufacture of atomic bomb -
Technological and scientific Development
Big Bang Theory -
Technological and scientific Development
James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA -
Technological and scientific Development
On October 4th of this year, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, which was the first artificial satellite in history -
Technological and scientific Development
First Manned space flight -
Technological and scientific Development
The sheep Dolly is cloned -
Technological and scientific Development
The first draft of the human genome is completed -
Technological and scientific Development
NASA confirms the existence of water on the planet Mars