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British rule
The British took full controlof the sub-continent. They kept political and military control in their hands and did not depend on local chiefs and rulers. In other words the rule of the Britisn had began. -
Viceroy authority
In 1858 the governor-general would be known as the viceroy. -
True intentions
Hindus tried to replace Urdu by Hindi in the Devanangari script. -
Empress
Queen Victoria was crowned Empress of India. -
The Indian congress
The Indian congress was formed in 1885 by an Englishman named Sir Octavian Hume. -
Sir Syed's realisation
Sir Syed began to realise that the Congress was full of Hindus and therefore Muslims would not recieve a fair hearing. He also believed that :-
1. Muslims should concentrate on trying to eradicta ethe educational gulf rather than dabble in politics.
2. Principle of democracy was applicable only in states with a national identity.
3. The Muslims needed a fixed a quota of jobs to be able to compete fairly in the long run. -
Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association
Sir Syed organized the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association of Upper India in December 1893. Its objectives were:-
1. To protect the political interests of Muslims by representing their views before the English people and Indian Government.
2. To discourage popular political agitation among the Muslims.
3. to lend support to measures calculated to increase the stability of the British government and security of the empire. -
Unrighteousness
Hindi was given equal status in courts as Urdu -
Partition of Bengal
When Lord Curzon announced the Partition of Bengal the Hindu's thought of it as a divide and rule concept by the British, because they had separated their most educated and rich province. As a result their were so many revolts against the British that they started to reconsider about their decision. There was even an assassination attempt, even though it was unsuccessful. -
Simla Delagation
A delegation of prominent Muslims leaders led by the Aga Khan met the viceroy Lord Minto, at Simla. This Simla Delegation, as it became known, had two fundamental demands. Firstly, that in all local and provincial election, Muslims must be separately represented and their representatives must be given weightage in all elected bodies; in other words, have more seats than their percentage of the population. The Viceroy, much to the delegation's relief and delight, accepted both demads. -
Morley-Minto Reforms
In 1909 reforms were passed into law as the Indian Councils Act of 1909 with some far-reaching provisions. One of the most important new provisions was the enlarging of the Imperial Councils to 60 members and the Provincial Councils to 50 members in the larger states and 30 in the smaller states.
In the Provincial Councils, there was an allowance for a non-official majority but in the Imperial Council, an 'official majority'. -
Anomalies
In 1910, at a congress meeting, the provision of separate electorates for the Muslims was attacked and the British were asked to remove such 'anomalies'. -
The Aftermath of the Hindu's
It was because of many revolts from the Hindu's that in 1911announced by King George V that the partition of bengal had been reversed and a proposal was conducted which included the following points :-
i) The transfer of British capital to Dehli.
ii) The creation of United Bengal as a presidency with a governor-general.
iii) The creation of a province of Bihar and Orissa with a lieutenant-governor.
iv) The restoration of the post of chief comissioner of Assam.
