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Germanic tribes of Anglo Saxon and Jutes. They pushed the Celtic tribes to Wales and Scotland. Anglos had an inflected language meaning lots of grammatical endings such as '-ing'. Had runic alphabet which included runes such as Thorn, Wynn, Ash. Many monosyllabic words come from Anglos for example 'me', 'have'
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They also divided England into four Kingdoms Northumberland, Mercia, West Anglia and Wessex
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Freeze, Blue, Mist, Three
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The missionaries arrived from Rome bringing the Latin language to England. They wrote in the Roman alphabet but borrowed Anglo-Saxon 'runes' such as thorn as the Latin language did not feature this phonetic sound
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The Vikings spoke Norse which brought threat to the English language such as Lindisfarne Monastry where the Vikings burnt many Anglo Saxon Chronicles and began to seize land from Anglo Saxons
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Viking expansion of the county of Dane
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King Alfred defeats Guthrum leader of the Norse army. This results in the splitting of the country between Danelow and Anglo Saxons
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Norse Territory. But Northumberland, Mercia, Wessex remain English. However trade often intermingled the English and the Norse aswell of including Norse graphemes.
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Danelaw created 14 shires such as York, Nottingham, Derby, Lincoln, Hertford. Some places the Vikings named in Yorkshire was Whitby and Slathwaite
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The Normans brought a new threat to the English Language as they brought Old French as their language
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King Cnut ruled the whole of England which led to further intermingling of the country and the language
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Kent, Sussex, Essex, Wessex, Northumberland, East Angleo
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10,000 new words brought to England when King Harold was defeated by William the Conqueror. Anglo Saxon landowners pushed to the North ie Scotland and the Normans spoke French. Elevated polysyllabic lexis was brought and consisted of a semantic field of food, power and wealth. French brought voiced fricatives such as /z/ /s/ but had no effect on English grammar. Word clusters such as qu, gh, ch, oo were also borrowed from the French.
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Through French influence the Old English language transformed into Middle English. This was during the Medival Period until 1500
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Estimated around 75 to 200 million people died due to the Black Death. However, this caused for a rise in English speaking as many of the clergy died who spoke Latin due to close proximity with other clergy members.
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John Wycliffe translated the Latin Bible in Oxford where the standard accent is from, however he used Latin Syntax which didn't marry up to the English speech. The Church opposed to Wycliffe's work as they believed that would not attend Church to come and listen to the stories of the Bible being told. Wycliffe believed the Church was lazy and their literacy wasn't good. Wycliffe was done for heresy but died before execution so they dug up his bones and burned them.
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Created by William Chaucer in Middle English. Featured many dialects from around England which gives aid to linguistics because we are able to see the difference in dialect and accent written down which is the only viable access of the time. There are 24 stories in total all about different people from around the country such as the Knight a story of love, rivalry and chivalry. Two men fall in love with the same young girl.
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Allowed for an accent change where the monothongs sound moved to close position which pushed the close sounds to central and became diphthongs. An example would be <ai> in 'pain'
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Collection of letters and documents consisting of members of the Paston family. Helpful to linguists because it shows the change in English language in the same family over a century (almost)
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Caxton brought the Printing Press over from Europe. This helped the push to standardising the English Language. Caxton also brought Dutch scholars with him which ran the printing press. This would have brought the influence of Dutch spelling,language into English. Allowed for 20,000 books to be printed over the next 150 years one of these was the influential Canterbury Tales by Chaucer. The Chancery of Westminster made some effort to aid standardisation due to his work being writing legal docs.
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Between Yorkshire and Lancashire, Lancashire won. 1485 saw the Battle of Bosworth where Richard III was murdered and Henry Tudor won. Thus entering Tudor period
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When Henry VIII wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon he began his own Church as the Catholic clergy wouldn't allow him too. This allowed for the promotion of the English language to spread within religious devotion. An example of this spread was pamphlets of the Church being written in English and preachers were now communicating to it's followers in English.
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Christopher Columbus found America. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for America on the Mayflower. This allowed for the English Language to be taken over to America making the language global.
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Inclusion of Great Vowel Shift, Renaissance, Standardisation, Fixed spelling and grammar, First Dictionary
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It was the start of a new scientific age including great literature writing sc as Shakespeare and Sidney. The Great Vowel Shift brought the standardising of spelling making the language and spelling less similar. Many prescriptivists at the time, such as Cheke, believed that the English language should not be polluted by other languages. By the 1800s 50% of the population had some form of literacy due events like the printingpress being introduced and a higher interest in scholarly.
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Elizabeth I knights and gentlemen poets turned the English language into literature. One particular person was Sidney who was Elizabeth's ambassador and an English poet, scholar who coined the famous phrase 'thy need is greater than mine'. He also brought 2225 new words to the English language. Some of his phrases include scummy, miniature, milk white horses, better half, conversation
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Tyndale unlike Wycliffe translated the Bible from Greek and Hebrew and made it more accessible by using English syntax. The purpose of this Bible was for 'Every boy who driveth the plough' be able to read the Bible. Tyndale was sent to jail for this creation in 1535 and was executed the following year. Tyndale only translated the New Testament and created many idioms still used today such as 'let there be light'.
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A rune which represented the <th> sound in English. The Gothic-style transformed thorn into <y> which thorn looked identical too. Foxes Book of Martyrs found it's death from 1563
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Birth in Stratford, London where he was taught at Stratford school but did not attend university.
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Shakespeare wrote 38 plays in his lifetime. This impacted the English Language because it brought society together to demand more language and more entertainment. Shakespeare introduced 2000 new words and 33,000 quotes into our vocabulary. Many phrases which are still used such as 'vanish into thin air' and 'in minds eye' were coined by Shakespeare. Shakespeare had a West country/ Irish accent.
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Elizabeth I ended it after peasant revolt due to the way they were treated by the land owners in 1381.
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School teacher who produced a list of 7000 words and how to spell them, this was the beginning of standardisation
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Philip II of Spain launches a great fleet of ships, known as the Spanish Armada, to overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism to England as the Church of England had allowed religion to become a language of English rather than only Latin. When Elizabeth I died in 1603 her closet relative was King James I as Elizabeth never married or had children.
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Archaic forms of 2nd person singular pronouns 'thou' 'thee' 'thy' and 'thine' began to be replaced by 'you'
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Became King of England. Millenary Petition 1603 requested a new English translation of the Bible
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Cawdry produced first dictionary Table Alphabeticall which consisted of 2543 words. Only included the elevated lexis of Latin/French/Greek so the English could recognise the upper state. By 1600 only half of the population could read so the dictionary was made for those who couldn't understand the lexis in scriptures.
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Created by James I, made 257 (according to David Crystal) idioms popular known to this day such as 'How the mighty have fallen'. Went back to Latin to translate however James I used 80% of Tyndale's Bible to translate off.
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Death, buried at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford
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The Restoration of the English monarchy began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Interregnum that followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
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Samuel Johnson published first comprehensive dictionary, a collection of words and there spelling
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America gained independence from British colony but continued to speak English. In 19th century a Senate was held to vote for English to be their first language against German.
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Many more words added to English, Industrial Revolution, new technological advances
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Made by Noah Webster, lead to spellings such as 'color'
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Black slaves emancipated in America by President Lincoln as a result of the North winning the Civil War in America against the South.
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Children under the age of 10 had to attend compulsory education in public schools. This meant more children was aware of correct grammar and basic education of lexis and spelling.
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This led to a rapid increase of RP pronunciation
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First published in London
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Contributed to dialect levelling (assimilation, mixture or eradication of some dialects)