-
1500
First Occupants
-The Natives didn't have any official leadership
-Leadership was assigned to many people in different groups all spread out
-The Iroquois functioned with the matrilineal system
-The leadership and the decisions were left in hands of the women
-Women were in charge and were ranked higher than the women
-The Algonquians functioned with the patrilineal system
-The leadership and the decisions were left in hands of the men
-Men were in charge and were ranked higher than the women -
Relations between Amerindians and colonial administrators
-French and Hurons were allies, they didn't fight over much and had the same goal
-English and Iroquois were also allies
-The French were enemies with the English which meant that Hurons were also enemies with the Iroquois
-Hurons and Iroquois fought a lot and the Iroquois almost wiped out the Hurons
-They killed all the Hurons
-The French were forced to go out and collect furs by themselves since they no longer had their Allie by their side
-That is how the coureurs de bois were formed -
Royal Government
-The King decided to put an end to the private companies running New France
-He put Jean-Baptist Colbert (Minister of marine) in charge instead.
-They put a Royal Government in the colony.
-Both of them would stay in France and there would be a sovereign council in New France.
-It consisted of the Governor, who was the highest rank, who commanded the army and dealt with external affairs
-The Bishop, who was appointed by the Pope, administered the parish priests, hospitals, schools. -
Royal Government (continuation)
-The third person on the sovereign council was the Intendant, who was the most influential
-He was chief administrator
-He controlled budget, collected taxes, fought for justice, was in charge of the seigniorial system, built roads and set up industries
-The captain of the militia was not on the sovereign council but still had power
-He dealt with the seigneuries
-He was the chief of police
-Absolute monarchy was still present because the King could recall any decision the sovereign council made -
Power relations between the colony and the mother country
-There was an absolute monarchy in New France where the king named administrators of the colony and was able to reverse any decisions they made
-The people who moved to New France from France were happier because there was a lot of poverty and starving in France
-In New France, everyone had to become independent therefore they became their own distinct set of people called Canadians
-They became independent because of the distance from France and the contact with the aboriginals -
The Great Peace of Montreal
-The Great Peace of Montreal was a peace treaty between New France and the 40 First Nations of North America
-It was signed on August 4, 1701
-The French, allied to the Hurons
-The Algonquians, proved 16 years of peaceful relations and trade before war started again
-Various people were present for the diplomatic event: part of the Iroquois confederacy, the Huron peoples, and the Algonquian peoples
-The Great Peace of Montreal is called the “Grand Settlement of 1701”, since it occurred in 1701 -
Life in New France
-Settlers in New France had happy lives, but much work was required
-Everyday work was to be done, such as caring for crops, making clothes, fixing tools, and preparing for winter
-Since New France was not really developing as fast as expected, the settlers became more self-dependent
-In New France, the people were very autonomous
-By 1760, they grew to become a distinct set of people called Canadien
-These Canadiens would remain here after the British Conquest. -
Articles of capitulation
-In 1760, they signed a document, which gave the terms under which the French would surrender.
1.The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property
2.The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.
3.The people could practice the R.C. religion, but the Bishop would have to leave.
4.The people who stayed would become British Subjects. -
Royal Proclamation
1.Gives the Kings new colony a name, The Province of Quebec
2.Decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley
3.Put in place a civilian Government to run the new colony: (King chooses Governor; Governor chooses Executive Council)
4.English Criminal and English Civil laws were applied.
5.Unused land would be divided by the Township System
6.No new Bishop would be allowed
7.No Roman Catholics could hold public office (Test Act) -
Royal Proclamation (continuation)
-The Royal Proclamation, put in place in 1763, had a goal to assimilate the French in Quebec
-This goal was achieved by bringing the French all together as to watch over them, and taking many of their rights away so as to force them to become more English
-No new French-speaking people were coming in but many English were
-Most of the British who came would be rich merchants who would fill the place the French Elite had left -
Difficulties of the first governor: James Murray
-James Murray, the first Governor of Quebec, knew the Royal Proclamation was unworkable as 99% of the population of Quebec was French and Catholic
-To make the French content, he bent the rules
-He allowed a new Bishop, allowed French Laws in the lower courts and did not call an elected assembly because it would favour the English Merchants
-The English Merchants were strongly opposed to Murray’s policies and demanded a new Governor from the King
-They got Guy Carleton. -
Effects of the loyalists
-The loyalists moved north to the only British colony left in North America: Quebec
-36000 loyalists went to Canada and 6000 loyalists went to Quebec
-The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase
-They settled according to the Township system
-They gave their settlements English names
-The Loyalists were used to English civil laws
-They were used to having elected assemblies
They started writing petitions to London for change and after years of complaining they got their wish -
Québec Act
The Quebec Act was put into place to keep the Canadians from joining the Americans
1. Guarantees French Canadian loyalty
2. Enlarges the area of Quebec
3. Denied an elected assembly
4. Appointed council (min.17 members)
5. French civil laws were instated, tithe and seigniorial system are back
6. Test Act Oath Test Oath of Allegiance (swear to king you’re loyal, and could hold office)
-All these factors made the Americans very upset and wanted to place strict control on trade and income taxes -
Difficulties of the 2nd governor: Guy Carleton
-Guy Carleton was the Governor of the Province of Quebec after James Murray
-Guy Carleton kept the same tolerant policies just like James Murray, but for a different reason
-Guy Carleton wanted to make sure the French-Canadians were loyal and would not join the Americans
-The Americans were beginning to demand their independence which is why he didn't want the French Canadians to end up like that
-To assure the French-Canadians’ loyalty, the Quebec Act was created in the year of 1774 -
Constitutional Act
-The constitutional act was put into place in order to separate the Province of Quebec in two parts
-Upper Canada was entirely English
-There were around 20 000 people who lived there
-All people who lived in Upper Canada were protestants
-They used the township system with the English Civil laws
-Lower Canada was mostly French
-There were around 160 000 people who lived there
-They kept the French religion, which was catholicism
-People were allowed to work in administration -
Representative Government
-Governor: appointed by the parliament, commanded forces, in charge of administration, has veto power, calls assemblies into session.
-Lieutenant Council: appointed by the Governor, advised by Governor.
-Legislative Council: appointed, approved or rejected laws from the assembly.
-Legislative Assembly: people elected every 4 years, could approve or disapprove taxes, and could create laws.
-Ordinary people, for the first time, had a say in the government. -
Rebellions 1837-1838
-Upper Canada’s Rebellion was lead by William Lyon Mackenzie
-It was quickly put down
-Lower Canada’s Rebellion was led by Louis Joseph Papineau
It was put down after several battles such as St-Charles, St-Denis, and St-Eustache
-The Patriotes were supported by the clergy
-They didn't have much support outside Montreal, which is why they were let down (They were poorly organized and equipped)
Results:
-12 Patriotes were hung outside Montreal’s prison as a symbol
-58 were exiled to Australia -
Act of Union
1.Created the Province of Canada (Canada East and West -- upper and lower Canada), which each had 42 members in their assembly
2. Governors still had control and veto power
3. They equally payed for Canada’s debts
-There was conflict
-Responsible Government was adopted
-1842: The Prime minister selected members of the executive council
-1848: Governor Lord Elgin would be the first to not use his veto powers and allowed the Prime minister(majority holder) to have executive powers -
The Charlottetown Conference
-September 1864: the leaders of Canada East and Canada West met with the leaders of three Maritime Provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island)
-The purpose of the meeting was to agree on creating a merger
-Their wish came true as all parties left the meeting agreeing to consider a merger
-All groups decided it was a good idea and wanted to try it out
-If it wouldn't work, they would reconsider and either find a different solution or go back to how it was -
The Québec Conference
-October 1864: the same members like last time agreed on the 72 resolutions that would make the merger possible
-It was basically saying that it would be a federal system, with 24 seats given to each colony with a total of 72 seats
-An assembly elected by "rep by pop" and a railway between colonies would be created
-Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island withdrew, Dorion's Parti Rouge opposed the federation, and the assembly of the Canada's passed the confederation narrowly -
The London Conference
-In 1867, the leaders of the four colonies met to make arrangement to release from the British Empire in order to become a new "self-governing" colony
-This is the Dominion of Canada
-Under the British North America Act, the capital of Ottawa was created
- The dominion of Canada was passed on March 29 and came into existence in Canada on July 1st, 1867
-It contained 4 provinces (Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia)
-The other provinces joined between 1870 and 1949. -
Sections 91-92
-The Federal Government, just like the all the provinces, had certain responsibilities, which are listed in Sections 91-92
-Section 91 was federal
-The responsibilities were defence, banking and money, postal service, and criminal law
-It could disallow laws from the other party
-Section 92 was provincial
-The responsibilities were municipal institutions, hospitals, and property and civil rights
-Both groups were in charge of immigration and agriculture -
Powers of the church
-The Church was involved in political decision
-The Church had a big role in the Sovereign Council
-The King assumed power based on the principal of Divine Right of kings
-The monopoly of fur was then replaced by the Minister of Marine who was later on chosen
-The Royal Government was then implemented in 1663 -
National Policies
-The Federal government needed to unify the different provinces
-Times were tough since the trade was down, unemployment income was minimal and there was an economic recession
-John A. MacDonald, who was part of the conservative party, formed a plan to promote national unity
-The 3 main points of it were:
1. Increasing custom duties
2. Building railways
3. Encouraging immigration. -
The Northwest rebellions
-John A MacDonald, who was the first Prime Minister of Canada, took many provincial powers and created many political enemies because he wanted a lot of power
-Some provinces wanted out of the Dominion
-Canada's government wanted to expand to the west
-They made the Transcanada railway but the Metis were living there so the Metis got really mad
-Louis Riel, the Metis leader at the time, decided to rebel
-Afterwards, John A. MacDonald executed Louis Riel, who was known as a rebel -
Power Relations between Feminists Movements and the State
-1893: Foundation of the National Council of Women
-Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casagrain was the first woman to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec
-1965: Foundation of the Federation des femmes du Quebec (revised Civil Code, establishment of maternity leave, decriminalization of abortion, equality (in theory) of men and women).
-1996: Law on pay equity is adopted. -
World War 1
-They were forced to fight because Britain joined the war
-The conscription crisis forced people to join the war
-The French didn't want to fight which is why they refused to in the beginning
-Woman's rights improved
-In 1918, women and men were allowed to vote in federal elections
-Improvement in the economy
-Rise in population because men came back from war and continued to live a somewhat normal life
-Britain rewarded Canada for participating with the Statue of Westminster -
World War 2
-1939-1945: World War 2
-Although World War 2 was hard, it brought Canada out of depression
This was was over a high ethical issue (Holocaust).
-Canada volunteered to join and was not forced by Britain
-Woman were involved (Woman's movement)
-There was another conscription crisis (French). They never actually saw any battle.Food was rationed.
-There was post war prosperity and Europe rebuilt it's economy. - --There was a natural increase in population and immigration
-There were baby-boomers. -
Maurice Duplessis
-Maurice Duplessis was a strong believer
-He believed that the rural communities were the best places to promote traditional values
-Although agriculture was at the heart of the Quebec's economy, he strongly agreed that that was correct and should continue to be at the heart of Quebec's economy in order to avoid urbanization and associated problems such as unemployment
Although many understood what he was trying to say, two groups went against Duplessis -
Intellectuals + journalists
Those who went against Duplessis were intellectuals such as Pierre Elliott Trudeau and René Lévesque
They opposed the Duplessis government and attacked the conservative nature of Quebec society in newspapers, magazine articles and television programs
Maurice Duplessis founded the Union Nationale party (separatist party) and was premier of Quebec from 1936 to 1939 and then later on from 1944 to 1959
Duplessis defended provincial autonomy over federal initiatives in provincial jurisdictions -
Quiet Revolution
-The Quiet Revolution began in Quebec in 1960
-It all started off with the electoral defeat of the Union National by Jean Lesage and his Liberal Party
-It was a rapid and far-reaching process of social, economic, and political reform in Quebec from early to the late 1960s
-There was a massive increase in government intervention
-They modernized Quebec's educational system
-They weakened the influence of the Church
-Hydro-Quebec became government owned, trans-Canada expanded, Montreal Metro -
Power relations between linguistic groups and the state
-Since 1867: Dominance of English
-The English were a minority in Quebec in the constitution
-1970s: Disagreement between immigrants & French-speaking Quebecers about the place of French in education
1974: Bill 22 proclaimed French the only official language in Quebec (limits access to English schools)
1977: law 101 gives the French language priority (Charte de la langue)
-Quebecers were upset because there weren't as many job opportunities -
Oka Crisis
-In the summer of 1990 Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal, when a golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land
-The natives organized their military perfectly
-Forces were called in to handle the situation
-The Oka crisis lasted a total of 78 days
-The stand off finally came to an end without armed conflict, however issues remained
-The Charlottetown Accord was created to deal with these issues.
