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Nov 22, 1500
First Occupants
There were 2 societies, the Iroquois and the Algonkians. The Itoquois society was a Matriarchy; leadership and decision making was the responsibility of women. The Algonkians society was a Patriarchy; Father played vital leadership role. -
Nov 22, 1500
Power relations between Amerindians and the colonial administrators
There were strategic military alliances made between the Europeans and the Amerindians in order to protect their economic interests in the fur trade. The french were with the Algonquiens and the english were with the Iroquois. The native allies of the French have been destroyed by the Iroquios so the French were forced to go out and collect furs deeper into the forest. The coureurs des bois were formed to do this and trade with amerindians and live with them aswell. -
Power relations between the Church and the State
The church is implicated in political decisions because of its role in the Sovereign Council. The Clergy was everywhere. The Priests were in charge of parishes (cure) and they were also working as missionaries. Nuns were working in hospitals and schools. -
Royal Government
The King and the Minister of Marine would stay in France as the Sovereign Council ran New France. The council was made up of the following members: Governor-highest rank, commander of army, ect. Intendant-most influential, chief administrator, collecting taxes, justice, seigniorial system, ect. Bishop-appointed by the Pope and is the religious leader, administered over Parish Priests, hospitals, etc. The Captain of Militia was not on the council but still dealt with issues on seigneuries. -
Power relations between the colony and the mother country
The influence of decisions made by the mother country on the power in the colony. Absolute monarchy: The king names administrators of the colony and can still reverse any decisions they make. -
Life in New France
Settlers had happy lives but it was work. Settlers became self-dependent. Life differed from France, where you had the very rich and massive numbers of poor/starving people. In New France, the people were very autonomous and by 1760 grew to become a distinct set of people called Canadien. It is therefore no surprise that these distinct people would remain here after the British Conquest. Nobility/Elite (Governor), Middle Class/Bourgeoisie (Seignuers)
Peasants/Habitant (censitaries ). -
The Great Peace of Montreal
The Great Peace of Montreal was a peace treaty between New France and 40 First Nations of North America. It was signed on August 4, 1701, by Louis-Hector de Callière, governor of New France, and 1300 representatives of 40 aboriginal nations.
The French, allied to the Hurons and the Algonquians, provided 16 years of peaceful relations and trade before war started again. -
British Rule
In September a document was signed giving the terms under which the French would surrender. The document was called the
ARTICLES OF CAPITUALTION and it stated that the French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property and the French Regular military would leave. The people who stayed would become British Subjects and the bishop would have to leave. In 1763 All the Territory known as New France is given to the King of England except two small Islands, (St.Pierre, Miquelon) -
Royal Proclamation
It gives the King’s new colony a name, the Province of Quebec.
It decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley. Put in place a civilian Government to run the new Colony: The King appointed a Governor who then appointed members of an Executive Council to advise him. English Criminal and Civil laws were applied, Unused land would be divided by the Township System. No new Bishop would be allowed and no Roman Catholics could hold public office. -
Difficulties of the first Governors
James Murray found the Royal Proclamation unworkable, only 1% of the population of Quebec was Eng/Protestant. To make the rest of the French Roman Catholics content, he bent the rules. He allowed a new Bishop, french laws in the lower courts and did not call an elected assembly because it would favor the. The English Merchants were strongly apposed to the Governor’s policies and demanded a new Governor from the King. They got Guy Carleton…who would kept the same tolerant polices of Murray. -
The Quebec Act 1774
The Quebec Act 1774 guarantees French Canadian loyalty, enlarges the area of Quebec, denied an elected assembly, Appointed council, French civil laws were instated, tithe and seigniorial system are back, test Act Oath Test Oath of Allegianc. This made the states really mad. They wanted Western Expansion into the Ohio Valley. Britain was unhappy with the 13 colonies. Britain wanted to place strict control on trade and inc. taxes. They kicked out all the loyalists. -
Effects of the Loyalists
36,000 loyalists came to Canada (Most settled in the Maritimes)
6,000 loyalists came to Quebec (Most settled West of Montreal)
The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase (1% 10%)
They settled according to the Township system.
They gave their settlements English names.
The Loyalists were used to English civil laws.
They were used to having elected assemblies.
They started writing petitions to London for change.
After years of complaining they finally got their wish -
The Constitutional Act 1791
The Province of Quebec was split in two pieces called Upper Canada (because it was up river) and Lower Canada (it was down river)Lower Canada-was almost entirely French (160 000ppl)
Upper Canada-was entirely English (20,000ppl)
The Ottawa River would be the boundary between them.
In Lower Canada the French kept their religion, civil laws, and people could work in the admin. In Upper Canada the Protestants, would use the township system, English Civil laws. -
Changes because of the Constitutional Act
The representative government now had the, king and the british Parliament. In the Canadas there was the governor, the lieutenant Governor, executive Council, legislative Council-appointed, and ordinary people. This was the first time people were able to vote and be represented in Canada, representative government was a big step forward. In Upper Canada this ran somewhat smooth.
In Lower Canada, the Legislative Assembly was French and those above them were English with different interests. -
Growing Discontent in Lower Canada
By the 1830’s two distinct groups have formed which are the british Party (Chateau Cliques, Tories): Controlled the councils, spent money on public works, and the Parti Canadian (Parti Patriote): Controlled the assembly, power over taxes. The two groups were so different no negotiations could occur. Some people known as “Patriotes” began speaking of a violent uprising as a solution…a rebellion. Bad weather lead to bad harvests famin eDisease
The assembly wanted the councils to be elected. -
92 Resolutions
The leader of the Patriotes was Louis Joseph Papineau, and in 1834 he wrote 92 Resolutions. Their main demand was for Responsible Government and the government made up by the people would be responsible for its decisions. This document was sent to the British Government to be looked at. Lord John Russell responded with the 10 Resolutions that didn’t solve any of the Patriotes main demands and this was taken as an insult and rebellions broke out in both Upper and Lower Canada. -
The rebellions of 1837-38
Most settled in Upper Canada because they spoke English but some settled in Lower Canada because they were Catholic. They greatly increased the population on the Canada’s….and made Upper Cdn larger than Lower Cdn. -
Lord Durham’s Recommendations
Lord Durham’s Recommendations were that Britain should increase immigration in order to assimilate the French. The two Canada’s should be united. Responsible Government should be granted to eliminate veto power. These ideas were first rejected by the British Parliament until the 1840 Act of Union was made. -
1840 Act of Union (the 4th constitution)
The 4th constitution created the Prov. of Canada consisting of Canada East and West. Canada east and west each had 42 members to its assembly and the governor still had control and veto power. This system was flawed and changed. 1842: The Prime minister would select members of the executive council from the assembly. 1848: Governor Lord Elgin would be the first to not use his veto powers, and allow the Prime minister(majority holder) to have executive powers. -
The structure of Responsible Government
The people would now elect the Leg. Assembly(Parliament)
The Prime minister(head of the party with the most votes) would
Form the Cabinet (Executive Council) who would propose laws that had to be approved through the assembly. The Governor and the Legislative council were still appointed but did not intervene even though pressured to do so(rich eng. merchants). -
Politics in the 1860's
The political system had become responsible but no one could agree on who should be in charge, no party could win a majority government. The party leaders agreed a merger was necessary, meetings were needed to discuss such things. -
3 conferences
The Charlottetown Conference: Sept. 1864-Leaders of Canada meet with the leaders of three Maritime Provinces and they agreed on consider a merger. The Quebec Conference: Oct. 1864-Same members of last time. They agreed on 72 resolutions that would make the merger possible. Assembly elected by “rep by pop”. The London Conference Eng. 1867- The 4 colonies meet to release from the British Empire to be a “self-governing” colony. The capital of Ottawa was created under the British North America Act. -
Contemporary Period
After 1837 the bishops became more and more powerful. The cures became the most important person in the parish. Church was still in charge of registering births, marriages, deaths. Controlling education Orphanages, Shelters, Charities, Religious festivals. R.C. Church attendance was very high Protestants were divided (Anglicans, Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists etc…) Ministers still influential but not as powerful as R.C. Protestant Universities: McGill, Bishops -
Power relations between feminist movements and the state
Foundation of the National Council of Women (1893); actions of the suffragettes.1961: electing the first woman to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (Marie-Claire Kirland-Casgrain).
1964: 16, which ended the legal incapacity of married women.
1965: Foundation of the Federation des femmes du Quebec (revised Civil Code, establishment of maternity leave, decriminalization of abortion, equality (in theory) of men and women); 1996: law on pay equity is adopted. -
Union leaders and the Intellectuals and Journalists
Two major groups challenged the traditional and conservative nature of Quebec society and its government. They were the Union leaders and the Intellectuals and Journalists. The Union leaders accused Duplessis of opposing social progress and of serving American interests rather than the interests of Quebec workers. The Intellectuals and Journalists such as René Lévesque opposed the Duplessis government and attacked the conservative nature of Quebec society in newspapers, magazines and tv. -
Maurice Le Noblet Duplessis
Maurice Le Noblet Duplessis served as the 16th Premier of the Canadian province of Quebec from 1936 to 1939 and 1944 to 1959. He rose to power after uniting his Conservative party and the breakaway Action liberale nationale progressive faction of the Liberal party of Premier Louis-Alexandre Taschereau, to form a new conservative party, the Union Nationale. -
The Quiet Revolution pt.1
The Quiet Revolution, also known as La Révolution Tranquille, began in Quebec in 1960 with the electoral defeat of the Union Nationale by Jean Lesage and his Liberal Party. It can be best described as a rapid and far-reaching process of social, economic, and political reform in Quebec from the early to the late 1960s. -
The main features of the QRV
The main features of the QRV were to make the Quebec gov’t the major force behind Quebec's social and economic development by greatly increasing the role of the state in both of these sectors. To modernize Quebec's educational system and to allow it to catch up to the other provinces in Canada. (Parent Committee, free public school till 16, MEQ created). To weaken the influence of the Church and to end Quebec's political isolation. -
Power relations between financial circles and the state
Power relations between financial circles and the state involved the
involvement of businessmen in politics facilitates access to grants, laws and regulations in favour of companies and banks. The practice of funding of political parties by businessmen causes scandals and a denunciation of patronage. From 1960, the state takes control of certain sectors of the economy, subsidizes Quebec companies and recognizes the rights of employees -
Quebec Nationalism
The October Crisis had been put down but not all the moves towards French independence were violent.
1961-Office de la langue francaise was created to promote the French language.
The language issue was very big in Quebec politics and several pieces of legislation were passed
Official language act, Bill 22 (French Official language), -
Power relations between union movements and the state
First strikes and partial legalization of unions, implantation of American unions. Royal Commission on the relations between capital and labour. Union demands regarding health and safety and laws for the protection of children , union struggle to ensure a minimum salary to workers, women, elders. Anti-Labour Laws: Padlock Law, right to strike, use of police against the strikers. Adoption of the Labour Relations Act, Labour Code recognizes the right to strike to all workers. -
Bill 101
Only French signs were allowed in public spaces, only children with English speaking parents educated in Quebec could go to English schools (since changed to Educated in Canada). English fought back with Bill 178 and Bill 86. This battle continues and today the struggle of Quebec remaining in Canada continues, the parties involved are either Federalists-want Quebec to stay and Separatists-want Quebec to be independent. -
Native Issues
In the summer of 1990 Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal, when a golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land. The natives militarily organized themselves and the Canadian Forces were called in to handle the situation. The Oka crisis lasted 78 days, when the stand-off finally came to an end with out armed conflict, however the issues remained. -
Power relations between the media and the state
Power relations between the media and the state:
In the 19th century, control of newspapers by political parties (propaganda). In the early 20th century, dissemination of political views by newspapers (eg, Le Devoir); the 20th century, dissemination of mass information through radio and television: influences on public opinion, politicians used media for their image and to promote their parties. The media is for many the 4th power. -
Power relations between environmentalist groups and the state
Since 1970, pressure from environmental groups (measures and laws to protect the environment) and their impact on the population via the media influences public policy. 1970: Creation of the Ministry of Environment Quebec. 2002: ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by Canada. Environmental movements present in Quebec: Greenpeace, the Green Party, l’Action Boréale, etc. -
Power relations between movements for social justice and the state
Early 20th century, associated with communism, union movements and feminism. 1930: the depression brings about the creation of many charity groups and aid organizations. Pressure they exert on the government contributes to adoption of laws and different measures intended to protect the average citizen (Commission des normes du travail, Régie du Logement, etc.).
