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1500
First Occupants
The Iroquois society was a Matriarchy; leadership and decision making was the responsibility of the women of the village. In the Iroquois society, they had clan mothers. The Algonquian society was a Patriarchy; where leadership and decision making was the responsibility of the men of the village. -
Period: 1500 to
Official Power and Countervailing Powers
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Life in New France
The settlers in New France had to work very hard because they had to learn how to take care of themselves, as New France wasn't developing very quickly. They were happy but there was work that had to be done every day. They became autonomous and were known as the Canadiens. There was a social hierarchy: there was the nobility/elite (governors, intendants, councilors), middle class/bourgeoisie (seigneurs and richer merchants) and peasants/habitants/artisans (censitaires, craftsmen). -
Power Relationships Between Amerindians and French
The French allied with the Hurons and Innu (Algonquian tribes) because they were looking for the control over the fur trade. These groups provided them with fur. However, these alliances provoked conflict, because the Algonquians were enemies with the Iroquois, and so the French become their enemies as well. Between the Iroquois and Algonquians, guerrilla warfare occurred: this consisted of using the element of surprise. -
Royal Government (part 1)
The King and the Minister of the Marine lived in France. The Minister of the Marine was in charge of reporting information to the King about his Colonies and what was going on. The Sovereign Council has 3 men (ran New France directly): 1. Governor-highest rank, commander of army, defense, dealt with external affairs (English colonies, Natives)
2. Intendant-most influential, chief administrator, controlled budget, collecting taxes, justice, seigniorial system, built roads, set up industries. -
Royal Government (part 2)
- The Bishop was appointed by the Pope, administered by Parish Priests, hospitals, schools, charities. (in charge of all religious matters) Then there was the Captain of the Militia (not on the council). He was usually in charge of the people, but he wasn't very powerful. He dealt with issues on seigneuries (could be considered Chief of Police).
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Peace treaty (Great Peace of Montreal)
Signed in Montreal, Québec Canada. The Great Peace of Montreal (French: La Grande Paix de Montréal) was a peace treaty between New France and 40 First Nations of North America. It was signed on August 4, 1701, by Louis-Hector de Callière, governor of New France, and 13 hundred representatives of 40 aboriginal nations. This treaty allowed 16 years of peace before the war started up again. -
Articles Of Capitulation
The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property. The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave. The people could practice the Roman Catholic religion, but the Bishop would have to leave.The people who stayed in New France would become British Subjects; they now have to support and follow British rule. The Elite left because they could afford it. -
Treaty of Paris
Puts an end to the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France. New France got to keep two small islands St.Pierre and Miquelon, primarily used for fishing. While the rest of New France's land was given to the King of England. -
Royal Proclamation (part.1)
The Royal Proclamation had a goal to control and assimilate the French in Quebec, It did this by bringing them all together as to watch over them, and took many of their rights away so as to force them to become more English. No new French speaking people were coming in but many English were. -
Royal Proclamation (part.2)
Most of the British who came would be rich merchants who would fill the place of the French Elite would have left. The first Governor of this new colony James Murray knew his job of assimilation would be no easy task.
It gives the King’s new colony a name, The Province of Quebec. It decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley. -
The Royal Proclamation (part.3)
(The rest would be known as Indian Territory) a civilian Government was Put in place to run the new Colony: The King appointed a Governor who then appointed members of an Executive Council to advise him. English Criminal and Civil laws were applied. Unused land would be divided by the Township System. No new Bishop would be allowed. No Roman Catholics could hold public office (Test Act) -
James Murray and his thoughts of the Royal Proclamation
James Murray was a governor appointed by the King. He found the Royal Proclamation unworkable, only 1% of the population of Quebec was English-Protestant. To make the rest of the French Roman Catholics content, he bent the rules.
-He allowed a new Bishop (Monseigneur Briand)
- He allowed French laws in the lower courts
- He did not call an elected assembly because it would favor the English Merchants. -
Guy Carleton
Because the English merchants were so unhappy with Murray's modifications, they wrote a petition to London to have him replaced. Murray was replaced by Guy Carleton in 1766, but he ended up keeping the same policies as Murray. The reason he was so tolerant was because he wanted to ensure the loyalty of the French, since the American revolution was beginning. -
Québec Act
The Quebec Act was created in order to ensure that the French would be loyal to the British crown and not join the American revolution. So, its clauses benefitted the francophones. It enlarged the area of Quebec to include the Great Lakes, denied an elected assembly, appointed a council, put in place French civil laws, and replaced the Test Oath with the Oath of Allegiance, so they could now hold public office. -
The Constitutional Act
The Loyalists who came to the colony wanted to live under British laws and have an elected assembly like they did in the 13 Colonies. So, they wrote petitions to London for change that led to the Constitutional Act. It splits the territory into Upper Canada (modern-day Ontario) and Lower Canada (modern-day Quebec). Lower Canada had 160,000 people and was mostly French, Catholic, and used French civil laws. Upper Canada had 20,000 people and was English, Protestant and used English laws only. -
92 Resolutions
In 1834, Louis Joseph Papineau, the leader of the Parti Patriote, wrote a document containing 92 demands of the elected assembly. The main demand was for a responsible government, meaning that the executive council should be made up of elected members instead of appointed ones. The document was sent to London. -
The Rebellions (cause)
The leader of the Patriots was Louis Joseph Papineau, and in 1834 he wrote 92 Resolutions (a list of the assemblies demands, sent to England to the British parliament) their main demand was for Responsible Government (all members of all assemblies are elected and there is no veto power, everyone is voted instead of chosen) Lord John Russell responded with the 10 Resolutions (none have to do with the 92 resolutions) and they didn't get their responsable governement. -
The Rebellions (conclusion)
William Lyon Mackenzie lead the rebellions in Upper Canada, and Papineau lead the rebellions in Lower Canada. In Lower Canada, there were 3 main battles: St. Charles (won by the British), St. Denis (won by the Patriotes), and St. Eustache (won by the British). The Patriotes ended up losing the battle, because they were poorly organized and unequipped to fight. As a consequence, many rebels were executed or deported. -
Lord Durham's Recommendations
In 1838, Lord Durham was sent to Canada to investigate the cause of the rebellions. His document made three proposals to the government in Britain: Britain should increase immigration in order to assimilate the French. The two Canada’s should be united (if all the English from both Canada’s unit the English will now have a majority because there are more English than French) and a Responsible Government should be granted to eliminate veto power. -
Responsible Government
In 1848, the Responsible Government was granted to Canada. This meant that now, the members of the executive council were taken from the elected legislative assembly. This meant that the people were now represented and more laws could pass in their favour. -
The Charlottetown Conference (Conference #1)
The Charlottetown Conference was held in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Its purpose was to discuss the Canadian Confederation. There were multiple benefits to the union, Economically and politically. Leaders of Canada East/West met with the leaders of three Maritime Provinces (NB, NS, PEI) agreeing to consider the merger between the two Canada's. -
The Québec Conference (Conference #2)
In the Quebec Conference, the same participants as the Charlottetown Conference plus Nfld. wrote a document containing 72 Resolutions about how the Dominion of Canada would be run. They agreed that there would be a railroad connecting the provinces, a federal system, 24 seats to each colony as a representation by the population of each province's population in the assembly. Education, laws, and immigration were discussed. After this conference, Newfoundland, and P.E.I withdrew. -
The London Conference (Conference #3)
The London conference was the final conference that lead to the formation of the Dominion of Canada. 16 delegates from Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick gathered with members of the British government to draft the British North America Act, which was a continuation of the 72 Resolutions. -
British North American Act
This Constitution created the Dominion of Canada, which consisted of the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The capital was Ottawa. This Constitution also created the government departments. The government was a centralized federal government, and it accorded certain powers to the federal and provincial governments. The Dominion of Canada had become a self-governing colony. -
Maurice Duplessis and his Views
Duplessis stood for various ideas when he was in power in the 40s and 50s. He believed in provincial autonomy. He also believed in the idealization of rural life (people should live on farms and have traditional values), and that agriculture should be at the center Quebec's economy. He was therefore against urbanization. He believed that the Quebec government should not be interventionist. He had various nationalist policies, such as the Fleur-de-Lis flag and provincial income taxes. -
The Quiet Revolution
Jean Lesage's liberal government took power in 1960 after Duplessis' death, and thus began the Quiet Revolution. This lead to drastic political and social changes in Canada. The government began interfering in various areas of society. It also involved the separation of Church and State in various areas. The most important aspect of Lesage's era was that he nationalized Hydro-Quebec. In 1960, the slogan was "c'est le temps que ca change", but it changed to "maitres chez nous". -
Bill 101
French language is the priority. Only French signs were allowed in public spaces, only children with English speaking parents educated in Quebec could go to English schools (since changed to Educated in Canada) -
The October Crisis
The October Crisis occurred when members of the FLQ kidnapped the provincial cabinet minister Pierre Laporte and the British diplomat James Cross. This was an example of the extreme measures taken by some political parties in order to promote separatism and Quebec nationalism. -
Meech Lake Accord
This was the first attempt of Mulroney to amend the constitution in order to satisfy all the provinces. It was written with various reforms, but Manitoba and Newfoundland refused to sign on. -
Oka Crisis (Native Issues)
In the summer of 1990 Mohawk warriors established roadblocks on the borders of their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal, when a golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land. The natives militarily organized themselves and the Canadian Forces were called in to handle the situation.The Oka crisis lasted 78 days, when the stand-off finally came to an end without armed conflict, however, the issues remained. The Charlottetown Accord was created to deal with these issues. -
The Charlotte Town Agreement
This was the second attempt by Mulroney to amend the constitution in order to satisfy all the provinces. It was rewritten with reforms and focused on Aboriginal and Quebec rights. Premiers agreed, but a Canadian referendum was held and the people voted against it.
