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1500
The Natives
-The Iroquois lived in a Matriarchal society; Women played a leadership role and made the important decisions.
-The Algonquins lived in a Patriarchal society; The men had a big leadership role. -
Period: 1500 to
Official Power and Countervailing Powers
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Power relations between Natives and the colonial administrators
-The French allied with the Algonquins and the Hurons for economic and military purposes. The Hurons were the primary group to trade with the French. The Hurons battled against the Iroquois to get more control of fur trade territory. The Hurons lost and were practically wiped out by the Iroquois.
-The English allied with the Iroquois. Allies with the British and fought against the French (and Hurons) for control over the fur trade.
-The coureurs des bois and voyageurs are formed -
Minister of Marine
The King of France doesn't go to his colonies, so in order to know whats happening in New France, the Minister of Marine, who is in charge of all the King's colonies, updates him. Since the Minister of Marine stayed in France as well, the intendant of New France sends him information which is directly reported to the King. In 1663, the Minister of Marine was Jean-Baptiste Colbert. -
The Bishop
The Bishop was the head of the Catholic religion in New France. He was appointed by the Pope and administered over Parish Priests, hospitals, schools, charities and evangelisation. He was in charge of all the religious components of life and everything that was controlled by the Church. -
The Governor
The governor was in charge of the colony's external affairs such as relationships with the Natives and the other English colonies. He was the commander of the army and was the highest rank and had the most power in New France since he had veto power. -
The Captain of the Militia
The Captain of the Militia was in charge of the people’s army (Militia), He was the one who handled the conflicts on the seigneuries. He was pretty much the Chief of Police. -
The Sovereign Council
When the King created the Royal Government, named the Bishop, the Intendant, and Governor who's duties were to administrate the colony. The sat at the sovereign council. They were the decision makers of the colony. New France was ran by the decisions the sovereign council made. The king names all the Administrators. -
Intendant
The Intendant was in charge of the colony's internal affairs such as
controlling/managing the budget, collecting taxes, justice, seigniorial system, justice, building roads and setting up industries, for example. He was the chief administrator of the colony and was the most influencial. The first intendant was Jean Talon, in 1665 -
The Great Peace of Montreal
-A peace treaty between New France and 40 First Nations of North America. It was signed on August 4, 1701, by Louis-Hector de Callière, governor of New France, and 1300 representatives of 40 aboriginal nations
-The French, allied to the Hurons and the Algonquians, provided 16 years of peaceful relations and trade before war started again. Part of the Iroquois Confederacy, the Huron peoples, and the Algonquian peoples were present for the event. -
Articles of Capitulation
The Articles of Capitulation was a document that was signed giving the terms under which the French would surrender:
1. The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property.
2. The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.
3. The people could practice the R.C. religion, but the Bishop would have to leave.
4. The people who stayed would become British Subjects.
This was the start of the Militairy Gouvernment -
Royal Proclamation
Constitution put in place to assimilate the French by putting new rules in place and make them more British:
-The territory is officially a British colony's, named the Province of Quebec
-It decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley.
-A civilian Government was put in place.
-English Criminal and Civil laws were applied.
-New land is divided by the Township System.
-No new Bishop would be allowed.
-No French Catholics cant be in the public office (Test Act) -
Treaty of Paris
When the War in Europe ends, the King of Britain is now free to run his new colony. The Treaty of Paris was signed giving all of New France is given to the King of England except two small Islands, St.Pierre and Miquelon. -
James Murray
British merchants demanded a legislative assembly from which the French Canadians would be excluded. But James Murray denied their demands and knew that he had to favour the French Canadians who occupied 99% of the population, so he bent the rules of the Royal Proclamation: He allowed a new Bishop, removed the Test Act, and allowed French laws in the lower courts. The British merchants sent a petition to Great Britain demanding a change in Governer. Murray is replaced by Guy Carleton -
Quebec Act
Carleton adopts the same attitude as the first Governor because they were so numerous and didn't want a civil war to break out. He also wanted to gain their loyalty so that they don't side with the Americans during the American revolution. This lead to the creation of the Quebec Act (gift to the French Canadians):
-Territory expanded (Ohio Valley and Great Lakes)
-French Civil laws
-Oath of allegiance replaced Test Act
-Church Can continue to collect the Tithe
-French Catholics in administration -
American Revolution
The 13 Colonies were annoyed by the Great Britain: They were being heavily taxed by Britain and were denied the Ohio Valley so the got the idea to revolt. The Americans made their declaration of independence in 1776 and the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1783, recognizing the United States an independent country. -
Loyalists
The loyalists were Americans who stayed loyal to the King of Britain, so they moved north to Quebec. The population of Quebec changed from 1% English to 10% English. 36,000 loyalists came to Canada and 6,000 loyalists came to Quebec. They wanted the township system back, English laws and a legislative assembly without the French Canadians. They sent letters to London asking for changes. After years of complaining, they and the French Canadians finally got their wish: The Constitutional Act. -
The Constitutional Act
Quebec split into Upper and Lower Canada in attempt to satisfy the requirements of the Loyalists and the French. Both Canada's had their own legislative assembly with a representative government. The people elected the members of the legislative assembly, who proposed new laws and voted on taxes. The governor had veto power, and he named the members of the legislative council (who sanctioned or rejected laws) and executive council (who were responsible for the budget and applying the laws). -
Problems with the Constitutional Act
-The people don't really have power; The laws they vote are vetoed by the governor. Laws that the people (mainly farmers) voted were for the benefit of the farmers and not the Businessmen. Since the members of the executive and legislative council and the governor were all businessmen, their laws weren't passed.
-The people's (mainly in the lower class) will to increase taxes on goods and not land/property is denied by the legislative assembly since it wouldn't benefit the businessmen. -
Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada pt 1
The Parti Canadien/Patriote of Louis Joseph Papineau and the British Party were both unsatisfied with the Legislative Assembly's lack of real power. The Parti Patriote sent the 92 resolutions to London, asking for more autonomy and ministerial responsibility and the abolition of veto power. London sent the 10 resolution Russell 3 years later, turning down their requests and gave more power to the executive council. This caused them to revolt. -
Rebellions pt 2 and Lord Durham
Upper Canada’s Rebellion never came to arms. Lower Canada’s Rebellion was put down after several battles St-Charles, St-Denis (French won that battle) and St-Eustache. Some leaders fled to the United States, 12 Patriotes were hanged outside Montreal’s prison as a symbol, and 58 were exiled to Australia. Lord Durham (new governor) wrote a report to prevent more rebellions:
-Gradual assimilation of the French Canadians
-Increase British immigration
-Responsible government
-Unite the Canada's -
Act of Union
This constitution united Upper and Lower Canada (Canada West and East). There were more English speaking people than French; so the union had a goal to assimilate the French. Canada east and west each had 42 members to its assembly. (This was bad for the French Canadians since the population of Canada east was higher than Canada West and not completely Francophone). Governor still had control and veto power. Canada East and West would equally pay for Canada’s debts (Canada West owed 10X more) -
Responsible gonvernment
United Canada was given a responsible government in 1848. The members of the Executive council are not named by the governor, but elected from the legislative assembly. The governor lost his veto power as well. This gave the people real power because the laws they vote on are passed to the executive council and applied b them because they represent the people too. Women lose their right to vote. -
Federal and Provincial responsabilities
The federal government was in charge of defense, banking and money, postal service and criminal law. The provincial government was in charge of education, hospitals, municipal institutions, property and civil rights. Immigration and agriculture were shared responsibilities. The federal government could cancel provincial laws they were not in Canada's best interest. -
Charlestown, Quebec and London Conferences
Charlestown: Leaders of Canada East/West (Ontario and Quebec) meet with the leaders of three Maritime Provinces (New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia) and agreed to a merger.
Quebec: Same colonies as last time plus Newfoundland, They agreed on 72 resolutions and railway that would make the merger possible. Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland Leave.
London: The 4 colonies bring the details of the merger to London to sign it off. The BNA Act established the Dominion of Canada. -
Maurice Duplessis
Maurice Duplessis was the premier of Quebec who supported the Catholic Church, because of the traditional values that it supported. The Church controlled education, hospitals and charities. Since the Church supported rural life (holier life there) and Christianity, Duplessis supported those things as well. Duplessis believed that the government should not intervene in the social and economic sectors. Amercian companies thrived. He made agriculture the #1 economic activity. He was against unions. -
Duplessis policies and his oposition
Duplessis defended provincial autonomy. He adopted Quebec's flag,
introduced the provincial income tax, refused federal subsidies for Quebec universities and refused federal allowance payments to families. Union leaders opposed Duplessis; He cared more about American interests than Quebec workers. Duplessis was against unions since he thought that businesses should sort out their own problems and that it made people lazy. Intellectuals wanted to progress, and Duplessis traditionalized Quebec. -
The Quiet Revolution
The quiet revolution started in Quebec in 1960 when Jean Lesage and his Liberal Party was elected. It brought fast progress to social, economic, and political sectors in Quebec. Hydro-Quebec was nationalized, Quebec's educational system was modernized, the Church becomes less influential, more people were attending universities and women got more rights. -
Power relations between financial circles and the state
The funding of political parties by businessmen leads to corruption. So the Quebec government got more involved in politics and businesses to prevent corruption. From 1960, the state takes control of certain sectors of the economy, subsidizes Quebec companies. -
Power Relations between Feminist Movements and the State
-Women were given the right to vote in Canada (1918) and in Quebec (1940).
-Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain was the first woman to be elected to Quebec's Legislative Assembly. (1961)
-Federation des Femmes du Quebec is founded. Revised the Civil Code, established maternity leave, decriminalized abortion (1965).
-Pay equity adopted in 1996 -
French Canadian Nationalists' Unhappiness
Because of the lack of new volunteers in WW1 and WW2, the people of Canada were imposed with conscription. French Canadian Nationalists had no connections to Great Britain and still were forced to fight when they strongly opposed it. Quebecers were also upset that they aren’t getting paid equal amounts as the Anglophones, and don’t have the same job opportunities as English. So political groups wereforfmed by French Nationalists advocating sovereignty or independence for Quebec. -
Power relations between union movements and the state
Unions were partially legalized in 1872.
Union demands health and safety, protection of children, minimum salary every worker.
The Padlock Law strongly discouraged strikes.
In 1944, the Labour Relations Act was adopted. The Labour Code in 1964 recognized the right to strike for all workers. -
The October Crisis
The FLQ (French nationalist terrorist group), planted bombs in Westmount. The organization wanted Quebec to become independent from Canada through violence. They kidnapped James Cross and Pierre Laporte. They killed Laporte. Trudeau initiated the War Measures Act to allow them to round up anyone who is a suspect of participating in the terrorist group and arrest anyone he chose to without charging them. That defeated the FLQ -
French Nationalist Laws
The Office de la langue Francaise was created in 1961 by Lesage to promote the French language:
-Bill 63 established laws that promoted the French language.
-Bill 22 made French the official language of Quebec.
-Bill 101 made public signs mandatory in French. Children could go to English school only if they had 1 parents who went to English school in the province. If not, they had to go to French school.
The English responded with Bill 86 and Bill 178. -
Quebec's Referendums
In 1980, the PQ proposed Quebec's first referendum on whether or not Quebec should be an independent country. 60% of the population voted no, that Quebec should stay a part of Canada.
In the second referendum lead by Parizeau, 50.6% of people voted no. -
Attempts to Unify Canada
In 1982, Pierre Elliot Trudeau met with the provincial leaders to talk about patriating the constitution and making Canada completely independent from Great Britain. All the provinces agreed on the Constitution Act and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms except Quebec but it went ahead anyway.
In 1984, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney tried to satisfy the provinces:
The Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord were reforms that tried to make the provinces happy. They both did not pass. -
Native Issues
Oka Crisis: in 1990, Mohawks made roadblocks on the borders of their land in Oka to prevent the expansion of a golf course onto their land. The Canadian forces came to handle the situation. It lasted 78 days and ended without armed conflict. The Charlottetown Accord dealt with Native issues. The Indian Act of 1876 established Native reserves. The James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement give more power to the Natives. Their rights are recognized but the repatriation of the Constitution.
