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Jan 1, 1500
Iroquois Society
The Iroquois were a matriarchy society, meaning leadership and decision making was the responsibility of women. -
Feb 1, 1500
Algonquin Society
The Algonquins were a patriarchy society, meaning fathers played vital leadership roles. -
Power Relations Between Amerindians and the Colonial Administrators
The French created a economic and military alliance with the Hurons to protect New France and to expand the fur trade. The Hurons were enemies with the Iroquois, the French fought against the Iroquois who were allied with the English. -
Royal Government
The Company of One Hundred Associates was not developing New France and was destroying it. King Louis the XIV of France ended the Monopoly and implemented the Royal Government. The King was advised by the Minister of the Marine in France, while the Sovereign Council (chosen by the King) governed New France. The Governor was the Kings representative and was in charge of external affairs, the Intendant was in charge of internal affairs and the Bishop controlled the Church, Schools, Hospitals, etc. -
Great Peace of Montreal
The Great Peace of Montreal was a peace treaty between New France and forty different First Nations in North America.The French allied with the Hurons and the Algonquians. This treaty provided 16 years of peaceful relations and trade. -
Power relations between New France and France
The King of France still had the absolute right of kings, which allowed him to have complete control over New France, absolute monarchy. The king appoints administrators of the colony and can still veto any decisions they make. -
Power relations between the Church and the State
The Church was a big influence in New France due to its presence in the Sovereign Council (Bishop) and its control over hospitals, schools, orphanages and charities. Priests were in charge of parishes and worked as missionaries. -
Articles of Capitulation
After the French surrender in New France, the British won the Conquest War. They created the Articles of Capitulation which stated: The people who stayed would become British Subjects, the people could practice the R.C. religion, but the Bishop would have to leave, the French Regular military would lay down their arms and return to France and the French Militia could return home. -
Treaty of Paris
After the British victory of the Seven Years war in Europe, the French and English signed the Treaty of Paris. This Treaty gave all the territory of New France to Great Britain except the islands of St.Pierre and Miquelon -
Royal proclamation
Now that the King of Great Britain controlled all of New France, he created a constitution for his new British subjects, the Royal Proclamation gave the new colony a name, the Province of Quebec, shrunk the territory to just the Saint-Lawrence Valley, put in place a civilian government with a Governor, English Criminal and Civil laws were applied, unused land would be divided by the Township System, no new Bishop would be allowed, no Roman Catholics could hold public office. -
Difficulties of James Murray and Guy Carleton
The first two Governors of the Province of Quebec realized that the Royal Proclamation was unworkable, because 99% of the population was French and Catholic. To appease the French Catholics, James Murray allowed French laws in lower courts and didn't call an appointed assembly that would favour the English Merchants. James Murray lost his position and was replaced by Guy Carleton. Carleton did the same as James Murray to assure the loyalty of the French if a war broke out with the 13 Colonies. -
Quebec Act
To assure the loyalty of the French, Great Britain created the Quebec Act. This constitution Guaranteed French Canadian loyalty,enlarged the area of the Province of Quebec, denied an elected assembly, appointed council instead, French civil laws were instated, tithe and seigneurial system are back, Test Act Oath was replaced with the Test Oath of Allegiance. This angered the Americans. Great Britain was catering the French while abusing the Thirteen Colonies,American Revolution starts. -
Loyalists in Quebec
After the American Revolution, 6 000 Loyalists moved to the remaining British colony in North America, Quebec. This caused the English population in Quebec to increase to 10%. They settled according to the Township System and were used to English civil laws. They wanted an elected Assembly like the had in the Thirteen Colonies and started writing petitions to London. -
The Constitutional Act
Great Britain created the Constitutional Act in 1791. The Province was split into two territories, Lower Canada and Upper Canada. In Lower Canada, the French kept their religion, civil laws, and the French could work in administration.In Upper Canada the Protestants, would use the township system, and English Civil laws. Representative government was implemented. -
Representative Government
Men over 21 who owned land could vote for members of the Legislative Assembly. The Governor was appointed by British Parliament, he was in charge of the military and administration and had veto power. Each Canada had a Lieutenant Governor practically a deputy Governor. The Executive Council advised the Governor and the Legislative Council approved and rejected laws. Legislative Assembly created laws and approved taxes. -
The Rebellions of 1837-1838
Canadians quickly realized that they didn't have real power since the Governor has veto power. The Parti Canadien sent the 92 resolutions to London, asking for a responsible Government. London responded with the 10 Resolutions, which denied their requests. The Patriots rebelled and drew arms against the British. This resulted to 12 Patriot hangings and 58 Patriots exiled to Australia. Rebellions in Upper Canada also occurred. -
Lord Durham's recommendations
After the Rebellions ended, Great Britain sent Lord Durham to both Canada's to give his opinions on what to do. He advised Great Britain to increase immigration to assimilate the French, unite both Canada's to make an English majority and to give Canada a responsible government. -
Act of Union
After Lord Durham's report, Great Britain created the Act of Union. Both Canada's were untied and formed the Province of Canada containing Canada East and Canada West. Canada East and West each had 42 members to its assembly. The Governor still had control and veto power and Canada east and West would equally pay for Canada’s debts. -
Responsible Government
Some years after the Act of Union, Great Britain created a responsible government in Canada. Under this system, the Legislative Assembly was still elected, but the Executive Council was chosen by the Prime Minister from the Assembly. Under this system, everybody in government was elected. The Governor and Legislative Council still existed but didn't intervene in government. -
The Charlottetown Conference
In September 1864, leaders from Canada East and West met with the leaders of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and PEI. They left the meetings agreeing to consider a merger because even though they were given a responsible government, no political party could form a majority government. -
The Quebec Conference
The leaders of Canada West/East, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, PEI and Newfoundland agreed on 72 resolutions that would make the merger of provinces possible. The resolutions stated that Canada would have a Federal Government. Each province would have 24 seats in the House of Commons and would be elected by representation by population. They also demanded a railroad to be built, connecting the provinces. Newfoundland and PEI withdrew because they wouldn't be connected to the railroad. -
The London Conference
In 1867 the leaders of the 4 colonies met in London to release from the British Empire to become a new self-governing colony, called the Dominion of Canada with its capital being Ottawa. This was created under the British North America Act, which came into place on July 1, 1867 Containing 4 Provinces (ONT, QC, NB, NS.) The federal government responsibilities were defence, money, etc.. and provincial government education, hospitals, etc... -
Maurice Duplessis
Maurice Duplessis was the Premier of Quebec in the 50's. Duplessis allowed the Catholic Church to control education, hospitals and orphanages. He supported rural communities because he believed they were more pure and holy than urban areas. This is why he brought electricity and built roads in rural communities. He opposed unions because he believed workers were too lazy. He intensified the French-Nationalist movement by creating the Quebec flag and denying subsidies from the federal government. -
Quiet Revolution
The Quiet revolution began in Quebec in the 60's with the defeat of the Union Nationale by Jean Lesage. This period was a rapid and far-reaching process of social, economic, and political reform in Quebec. The main features of the Quiet revolution was the modernization of the education system, minimizing the power of the Church and making the government the major force behind Quebec's social and economic development. -
Quebec Separatism
Because of the French's cultural differences and oppressive struggle since English overtaking, many French in Quebec identify as Quebecois not Canadian, belonging to an independent nation. This led to 2 peaceful referendums and a terrorist organization. The FLQ wanted to separate from Canada violently, they blew up mailboxes and killed Laporte but were squashed by Trudeau. Two referendums were held in 1980 and 1995, asking quebecers if they wanted to separate, majority voted no in both.
