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Nov 21, 1500
Natives (Algonquins and Iroquois)
Iroquois:
Society was a Matriarchy; leadership and decision making was the responsibility of women
Algonquins:
Society was a Patriarchy; Father played vital leadership role -
Period: Nov 21, 1500 to
Official power and countervailing power
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Period: Dec 18, 1500 to
First Occupants
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Relations with Natives
Strategic military alliances in order to protect their economic interests in the fur trade.
Hurons: Alliances with the French.
Iroquois: Alliances with the English.
Hurons were enemies of the Iroquois -
Period: to
French Regime
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Power Relations Between the Amerindians and the Colonial Administrators
Alliances were formed in order to protect the economic interests in the Fur Trade. The French and the Hurons were allied and fought against the Iroquois and British over the control of the Fur Trade territory and lost. -
Royal Government
King has all the power based on the Divine Right of Kings.
-Governor (highest rank in New France, commander in army and dealt with international affairs)
-Intendant (dealt with money)
-Bishop (in charge of religion, education, hospitals, charities etc.) -
Power Relations Between the Church and State
The Church was involved in political decisions because of its role in the Sovereign Council. New France was under the system where the companies who held monopoly which was destroying New France. The king ended this monopoly and placed New France under the Minister of Marine who was in charge of all colonies overseas. He then decided to implement the Royal Government which meant that France would have more power and make more money, and New France would be a stronger colony. -
Power Relations Between the Colony and the Mother Country
The influence of decisions made by the mother country on the power in the colony.
Absolute monarchy: The king names administrators of the colony and can still reverse any decisions they make.
the people who moved to New France from France are much happier because in New France, everyone had to become very independent people called Canadians. -
Peace Treaty
Between New France and 40 First Nations of North America.
The French, allied to the Hurons and the Algonquians, provided 16 years of peaceful relations and trade before war started again. -
Period: to
British Regime
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Articles of Capitulation
When the war between French and English was over the King of England told James Murray to be in charge until the war ended. His rules:
1. The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property
2. The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave
3. The people could practice the R.C. religion, but the Bishop would have to leave
4. The people who stayed would become British subjects -
Treaty of Paris
After the 7 years war ended, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Paris which gave all of the territory of New France to Britain except for St-Pierre and Miquelon. -
Royal Proclamation
1.Gives the King’s new colony a name, The Province of Quebec
2.Decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley.
3.Put in place a civilian Government to run the new colony:
(King chooses Governor; Governor chooses Executive Council)
4.English Criminal and English Civil laws were applied.
5.Unused land would be divided by the Township System
6.No new Bishop would be allowed
7.No Roman Catholics could hold public office (Test Act) -
James Murray
Murray found that the Royal Proclamation wouldn't work because only 1% of the population was English and Protestant. James Murray bent the rules to make the French who were Roman Catholic content. The changes he made were allowing a new Bishop, changing the laws to French civil, English criminal. -
Guy Carleton
The English were upset that James Murray didn't favour them so they asked London for a new governor so they sent in Guy Carleton. Despite their wishes/expectations, Carleton kept the same laws and changes that Murray had put into action. -
Quebec Act
- Enlarges the area of Quebec
- Denied an elected assembly
- Appointed council (min.17 members) (appointed by the governor/king)
- French civil laws were in stated; (seigniorial system returns)
- Test Act Oath→ Test Oath of Allegiance (swear to king you’re loyal to him and could hold office)
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American Independance
In the 13 colonies Britain wanted to place strict control over the taxes and trade. The Americans wanted Western Expansion into the Ohio Valley and up until 1763 the Americans needed Britain to protect then from the French. Now that they didn't need Britain anymore they kept getting more and more upset and then finally after the Quebec Act, they decided to declare their independance. -
Loyalists
They moved north to the only British colony left in North America, Quebec. 36000 loyalists came to Canada and 6000 loyalists came to Quebec.
-The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase (10%)
-They settled according to the Township system.
-They gave their settlements English names.
-The Loyalists were used to English civil laws.
-They were used to having elected assemblies.
They started writing petitions to London for change and after years of complaining they got their wish. -
Constitutional Act
Province of Quebec was split up into two parts;
-Upper Canada, that was entirely English (20 000 ppl), would be all protestants and would use the township system with English civil laws.
-Lower Canada, that was mostly French (160 000 ppl), would keep the French religion (Catholism), people could work in administration. -
92 Resolutions
-The leader of the Patriotes was Louis Joseph Papineau, and in 1834 he wrote 92 Resolutions (a list of the assemblies demands) their main demand was for Responsible Government and the government made up by the people would be responsible for its decisions. He sent these resolutions to London. -
Russell's 10 Resolutions
Lord John Russell responded with the 10 Resolutions (solutions which didn’t solve any of the Patriotes main demands, in fact it gave more power to councils)
→ This response was taken as an insult and rebellions broke out in both Upper and Lower Canada. -
The Rebellions
Upper Canada’s Rebellion was lead by William Lyon Mackenzie and quickly put down.
Lower Canada’s Rebellion was led by Louis Joseph Papineau and after several battles St-Charles, St-Denis, St-Eustache the rebellion was put down.
The Patriotes are supported by the clergy but they don’t have enough support outside Montreal and fail. They were poorly organized and equiped.
Results:
12 Patriotes were hanged outside Montreal’s prison as a symbol
58 were exiled to Australia -
Act of Union
(this system was not responsible it would be changed in a very short time)
-Conflict occurred very quickly. -
The Charlottetown Conference
In September, 1864, the leaders of Canada East and Canada West met with the leaders of three Maritime Provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island) and they left the meetings agreeing to consider a merger. They decided it was a good idea and wanted to try it out. -
The Quebec Conference
in October, 1864, the same members of last time agreed on 72 resolutions that would make the merger possible. (A federal system, 24 seats to each colony with a total of 72 seats, an assembly elected by "rep by pop", and a railway between colonies). -
Period: to
Contemporary Period
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Section 91-92
The Federal Government had certain responsibilities as did the provinces. These are listed in Sections 91-92. Section 91 (Federal) responsiblities were defense, banking and money, postal service, and criminal law. Section 92 (provincial) responsibilities were municipal institutions, hospitals, and property and civil rights. Immigration and agriculture were shared responsibilities between the dederal and provincial fovernments. -
The London Conference
In 1867, the leaders of the four colonies met to make arrangement to release from the British Empire to become a new "self-governing" colony. This is the Dominion of Canada. With it's capital of Ottawa was created under the British North America Act. Passed on March 29, came into existence in Canada on July 1st, 1867. -
Indian Act
A new law was created for the Amerindians. Natives claims related to the exploitation of natural resources. -
National Policy
Federal Government needed to unify these different provinces. Time were tough (trade was down, unemployment inc, economic recession). John A. MacDonald (conservative party) formed a plan to promote national unity. The 3 main points of it were increasing custom duties, build railways, and to encourage immigration. -
The Northwest Rebellions
John A Macdonald (first Prime Minister of Canada) took many provincial powers and created many political enemies because he wanted a lot of power. Some provinces wanted out of the Dominion. Canada's government wanted to expand to the west by making the Transcanada railway but the metis were living there so the metis got really mad and Louis Riel (Metis leader) decided to rebel, (there were 2 rebellions both unsuccessful). Afterwards, John A. Macdonald executed Louis Riel because he was a rebel. -
World War One (1914-1918)
-Forced to fight because Britain joined the war
-Concription crisis which forced people to join the war
-French didnt want to fight
-Woman's rights imporved. (Took men's place in work force & could vote in place of their husband). In 1918, women and men were allowed to vote in federal elections.
-Improvement in the economy (building stuff for war (transforming factories). Rise in population because men came back from war. -
World War Two (1939-1945)
This was was over a high ethical issue (Holocaust). This war brought Canada out of depression . Canada volunteered to join and was not forced by Britain. Woman were involved (Woman's movement). There was another conscription crisis (French) - they never actually saw battle. Food is rationaed. There was a natural increase in population and immigration and there were baby-boomers. -
Maurice Duplessis
He believed that the rural communities were the best places to promote traditional values such as family life, gratifying work and religious beliefs. Agriculture was and should continue to be at the heart of Quebec's economy in order to avoid urbanization and associated problems such as unemployment. Two groups went against Duplessis. -
The Quiet Revolution
The Quiet Revolution began in Quebec in 1960 with the electoral defeat of the Union National by Jean Lesage and his Liberal Party. It can be best described as a rapid and far-reaching process of social, economic, and political reform in Quebec from early to the late 1960s. There was an increase in government intervention.
-Modernizing Quebec's educatinal system
-Weaken the influence of the Church
-Hydro-Quebec became goverment owned, trans-Canada expanded, Montreal Metro -
James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement (1975) grants more political powers to the Cree and Inuit; the repatriation of the Constitution (1982) formally recognizes certain aboriginal rights without ending their claims, The Peace of the Brave (2002) recognizes their rights on their territory in exchange for financial compensation for the exploitation of natural resources.
