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Nov 25, 1500
First Occupants
There was no sort of official leadership that we know of. But, the Iroquois society was a matriarchy leadership. So, the women took responsability of leading and making desisons. While the Algonkians were a patriarchy leadership, meaning: the men took responsability of leading and desision making. -
Period: Nov 28, 1500 to
Official Power and Countervailing Power
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FRENCH REGIME
1608-1760 -
The Influence of Aboriginal Peoples on Power
The influence of the Native people on power was strategic military alliences because of the fur trade. So, French allied with the Hurons and the English allied with the other Iroquois. The native allies of the Frnech were destroyed by the Iroquois so the French were forced to collect furs deeper in the forest. The coureurs des bois were formed which were French setters who traveled in the forest and lived with the native mostly. -
Power Relations Between Church and State
The church was implicated in political decisions because of its role in Le Conseil Souverain. The clergy was everywhere, meaning: the priests were in charge of parishes, they worked as missionaires. The nuns worked in hospitals and the King had power based on the principal of Divine Right of kings. -
Royal Government
The king ended the monopoly which was destroying New France and placed New France under the Minister of Marines. Then, they decided to implement the Royal Goverment. The Royal Goverment was that the king and miniter of Marine would stay in France and the Sovereign Council would run New France. The Sovereign council was made of the governor, the intendant and the bishop. -
Life in New France
The settlers (aka habitants) had happy lives but they mostly worked: they cared for crops,they made clothes, they fixed tools and they prepared for winter. Since New France wasn't relly developping the settlers became self-dependant. There was the nobility/elite (governor), the middle class/bourgoesie (seigneurs) and the peasants/habitant (censitaries). -
Great Peace of Montreal
The Great Peace of Montreal was a Peace Treaty signed on August 4th, 1701 by the governor of New France, Louis-Hector de Caliière, and 1300 representatives of 40 aboriginal nations. In the peace, the French alied with the Hurons and Algonquians which meant they could trade peacefuly for 16 years. Another name for the Treaty was 'Grand Settlement of 1701'. -
BRITISH RULE
1760-1867 -
Articles of Capitulation
When the British rule took over, there was a document called the Articles of Capitulation which stated that: The french militias could return home and nobody would lose their property. The french actual military (professional soldiers) had to give their arms and leave. The people could practice R.C religion but the bishop had to leave. The people who stayed would become British subjects.
The rich left (elite)and the poor stayed but no mass deportation occured (except elite). -
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris ended the the seven years war. Meaning, tall the territoy known as New France was given to England except St Pierre and Miquelon. -
Royal Proclamation
The king felt as if he had control of his colony, except, something had to be done about the mass population speaking french. So, he put in a constitution so that he could assimilate the French. This meant that the new name of the colony was "Province of Quebec", the borders went just around the St. awrence river valley, they pput in place a civilian goverment to run the colony so there was a governor, the english criminal and civil laws were applied, etc. -
Difficulties of the First Governors
James Murray realized the Royal Proclamation was not working because only 1% of the population of Quebec was English. So, to make the French Roman Catholics happy, he bent the rules and allowed a new Bishop, french laws in the lower courts and he didn't call an elected assembly because he knew it woud favor the English.The English Merchants were very angry and demanded a new governor: Guy Carleton. He adapted the same attitude as James Murray. -
Quebec Act
The Quebec Act guaranteed French Canadian loyalty, the area of Quebec enlarged, they denied an elected assembly, they appointed a council, the french civil laws were instated (seigniorial system) and there was a Test Act Oath. -
American Independence
The Act of Quebec made the Americans very upset. Americans had wanted the Ohio Valley for so long and when Britain gave it to the French they had enough. There was the American War of Independence, the Americans won (Britain got tired and left) -
Effects of the Loyalists
The people who were loyal to Britain were called the Loyalists, and as soon as the Americans got their independence, the loyalists were kicked out of the USA. 36000 moved to Canada, 6000 moving to Quebec. This made the English population grow from 1% to 10%. They settled according to the Township system and gave their settlements English names. They used English civil laws and were used to having an elected assembly, so they petitioned to London for a change. -
The Constitutional Act
The Province of Quebec was split into 2: Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Upper Canada was entirely English with 20000 people, while Lower Canada was almost entirely French with 160000 people. In Lower Canada, the French kept their religion, civil laws, and people could work in the admin. In Upper Canada, the Protestants used the Township system and English Civil Laws. -
Representative Government
The king and the british parliament in Britain. In Canada, there was the governor who was appointed by the parliament, commanded forces and was in charge of administration, etc. He had veto power. The executive council was appointed by the governor and advised the governor. The legislative council appointed, approved or rejected laws. Legislative assembly was people elected every 4 years they had the power to approve or disapprove taxes and create laws. The ordinary men over 21 voted. -
Faults in Representative Government
The legislative assembly had the power to make laws but they could be rejected by the governor since he had veto power. The wealthy governors and council members thought about investing money in big business and tax property. But the legislative assembly wanted to tax goods and not property. This was worse in Lower Canada where the legislative assembly was French . since there was constant issues over language. -
Lord Durham's Recommendations
Lord Durham had 3 recommendations.
1. Brittain should increase immigration in order to assimilate the french.
2. The 2 Canadas should be united.
3. Responsable Government should be granted to eliminate the veto power. -
Rebellions
The rebellions were from 1837 to 1838. By 1830, 2 groups were formed: the British Party and Parti Canadian. They were very different and couldn't negotiate. There was bad weather which lead to bad famine and then disease. The leader of the Patriotes: Louis Joseph Papineau, wrote 92 resolutions to London and Lord John Russel wrote back 10 resolutions that didn't solve any of the problems. The rebellions broke out and 12 patriotes were hung and 58 exiled to Australia. -
Act of Union
Lord Durham's recommendations were first rejected until the Act of Union. The Act of Union created the Province of Canada with Canada east and Canada west. Canada east and Canada west had 42 members of its assembly. The governer still had control and veto power. Canada east and west equally paid for canada's debts. -
Responsible Government
The responsible government had a prime minister who was the head party with the most votes. People would elect the legislative assembly. The cabinet woud propose lwaws to be approved through the assmembly and the governor and legislative council were still appointed but they didn't intervene even though they were prssured to. -
Politics in the 1860's
Even though the political system was responsible, no one could agree on which party would win majority government. So, the party majors decided to meet so they could discuss things. First, there was the Charlottetown Conference, in September 1864, where the leaders of Canada east and west met up with the maritime colonies. Second, the Quebec Conference in Octoboer 1864, the same colonies and Newfoundland agreed on the 72 resolutions: Federal system, 24 seats to each colony, assembly elected... -
Politics in the 1860's (continuation)
by rep by pop, and build a railway between the colonies. Newfoundland and PEI withdrew because it was useless for them since they are islands. Thirdly, there was the London Conference in 1867 where the leaders of the 4 colonies met to release from the British Empire and become its own self-governing colony: The dominion of Canada. On July 1st 1867, Canada became its own independant country containing 4 provinces: Qc, Ont, Nb, Ns. -
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
1867-Present -
National Policy
John A Macdonald formed a plan to promote the national unity. He had three main points:
1. Increase custom duties
2. Build railways
3. Encourage immigration -
Responsabilities
The federal government is incharge of defense, banking and money, postal serice and criminal laws. The provincial governments are incharge of education, municipal institutions, hospitals, and property and civil rights. They are both in charge of aggriculture and immigration -
World War I
1914-1918
Canada went to war because Britain was ging to war. Factories built munitions and weapons. Since the men were at war, the women stepped up and worked in the factories. Many people who were close to Britain voluteered, but he French did not. Women got the chance to vote in place of their husband. After the war, there was a huge boost in population. Canada got the statue of Westminister in 1931 for participation in the war: they were now in charge of all external and internal matter. -
Power Relations Between Movements for Social Justice and the State
In the early 20th century, it was associated with communism, union movements and feminism. In 1930, the depression brings about the creation of many charity groups and aid organizations. The pressure they exerted on the government contributes to adoption of laws and different measures intended to protext the average citizen. -
World War II
1939 to 1945
Canada was much more independant and went to war on their own record. Once again, there was war time restricitions and war oriented production, women's increase in population, another conscription crisis. As well as, post war prosperity and a natural increase and immigration. -
Maurice Duplessis
Duplessis held Quebec back by believing that the Roman Catholic Church should control educations, hospitals and orphanages. He also believed that rural communities were the best way to promote traditional values. Two major groups challenged Duplessis: The Union Leaders and Intellectuals and Journalists. Duplessis founded the Union National Party and was Quebec's Premier from 1936-1939 and 1944-1959. He also founded Quebec's flag and introduced provincial income tax. -
Power Relations Between the Media and the State
During the 19th century, the newspapers were controled by political parties. In the early 20th century, there was dissemination of political views by newspaper. And in the 20th century, there was a mass information through radio and television. -
Quiet Revolution
Quebec beat the electoral defeat of the Union Nationale by Jean Lesage and his liberal party. The Quiet revolution was basically a rapid and far reaching process of social, economical and political reform in Quebec. HydroQuebec became government owned, the transcanada expanded, Montreal got a metro system, the MEQ was created and the church influence was weakened. Jobs moved away from rural and into urban and union memberships doubled. -
Power Relations Between Feminist Movements and the State
The foundation of national council of women was in 1893. in 1961 the electing of the first women in the legislative assembly of Quebec occured. In 1964, 16 ended the legal incapacity of married women. And in 1965, the foundation of the federation des femmes du Quebec. -
October Crisis
The octoboer crisis occured when the FLQ kidnapped James Cross and Pierre Laporte. The prime minister Trudeau used the war measures act to call out the army and hundreds of FLQ members were arrested. Laporte was found dead in the trunk of his car while Cross was released. -
Power Relations Between Financial Circles and the State
This was the involvement of businessmen in politics facilitates access to grants, laws and regulations in favour of companies and banks. The practice of funding politicals polities which causes scandals and a denunciation of patronage. From 1960, the state took control of some sectors of economy which subidivides Quebec companies and recognized their rights of employees. The concepts were power, interest, influence, state, society and rights. -
Power Relations Between Environmentalist Groups and the State
Since 1970, the pressure from environmental groups and their impact of the population via the media influences the public policy. SO in 1970 there was the creation of the ministy of environment Quebec. In 2002, there was the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by Canada. Environmental movements presnted in Quebec are the Greenpeace the Green Party and l<Action Boreale. -
Power Relations Between Union Movements and the State
The first strikes and partial legalization of unions was in 1872. The union demands regarding health and safety and laws was invented. As wel as, laws for the proection of children and minimum wage. In 1972 there was a strike of united front. -
Seperate
Even though Quebec is part of Canada, some people want Quebec to be independant which are the seperatists.They want to seperate because they believe their culture differences and oppressive struggle since English took over. They have tried when Rene Levesque was the leader of PQ. As well as, the referundum in 1995 led by Jacques Parizeau where 50.6% votes against and 49.4% voted for. -
Native Issues
In the summer of 1990, Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders of their reserves in Okay which is just outside of Montreal,but a Golf course wanted to expand 9 holes onto their land so the native military organized themselves and then the Canadian army was called in to handle the situation. This Oka crisis lasted 78 days.
