NR 320 Exam #1- Eras & Policies

By Heather1026

  • End of French & Indian War (1763)

    The end of the French and Indian War (1763) divided eastern North America roughly into thirds

  • The Proclamation Line of 1763

    The Proclamation Line of 1763
    Immediate land settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains
  • Period: to

    American Revolution (1775-1783)

  • Land Ordinance of 1785

    Land disposal Policies.
    designed to generate
    revenue simply and quickly. Half of all sales were
    either for whole townships (36 sections) with the
    other half for individual sections.

  • Expansion into Ohio River Valley in 1787

    led to armed conflict with tribes

  • Northwest Ordinance of 1787

    land disposal Policies

  • Treaty of Greenville 1795

    Treaty of Greenville 1795
    marked first large land acquisition by U.S. from Native Americans – and set a policy of “Indian Removal”
  • Period: to

    US Government entered into 370 treaties to acquiretreaties to acquire land, water, and other natural resources from Indian tribes land

    treaties to acquire land, water, and other natural resources from Indian tribes
  • Period: to

    US Gov. enters into 370 treaties to acquire land

    treaties to acquire land, water, and other natural resources from Indian tribes
  • Period: to

    Erie Canal (1817-1825)

    Connecting Albany to Buffalo, it rose 600 ft over 360 miles. Transportation costs were cut by 95%.

  • Johnson vs. McIntosh

    “right of occupancy” was subordinate to United States government’s “right of discovery”
    •Diminished tribes’ sovereignty over land
    •“To the victor go the spoils”
    •Created precedence of treating tribes as “dependent” on U.S. government

  • Indian Removal Act

    forcible removal of tribes to west of Mississippi River

  • England cedes Oregon Territory to US 1846

  • Indian Appropriations Act of 1851

    Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act of 1851 to concentrate Indians on reservations

  • 1851 Treaty of Ft. Laramie

    designates territories for tribes in exchange for settlers’ safe passage & $50K/year for 50 yrs.

  • Yakima Treaty of 1855

    “The exclusive right of taking fish in all the streams, where running through or bordering said reservation, is further secured to said confederated tribes and bands of Indians, as also the right of taking fish at all usual and accustomed places, in common with the citizens of the Territory, and of erecting temporary buildings for curing them; together with the privilege of hunting, gathering roots and berries, and pasturing their horses and cattle upon open and unclaimed land.”
  • Period: to

    Pike's Peak Gold Rush

  • Fort Wise Treaty (1861)

    moves Cheyenne and Arapaho to SE CO

  • Homestead Act of 1862

    287.5 million acres
    Any citizen 21 year old could lay claim to 160 acres
    (1/4 Section) of PUBLIC DOMAIN land if he/she:
    • Lives on it for six months and buy for $1.25/acre
    or
    • Lives on it for five years and cultivate it and receive land for free (essentially)

  • Morrill Act of 1862

    provided grants of land to states to finance the establishment of colleges specializing in “agriculture and the mechanic arts.”

  • Pacific Railway Act of 1862

    was first major land grant – Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR’s were granted 400- feet right-of-ways, plus 10 sq. miles of land for every mile of track

  • 1863 Treaties with Utes to cede lands

  • Period: to

    Cheyenne-Arapahoe War

    to protest Ft. Wise Treaty & white encroachment; Nov. 28, 1864 Sand Creek Massacre

  • Act of 1866- Respecting Water rights on the Public land

  • Treaty of Medicine Lodge (1867)

    removes last southern Plains tribes to Indian Territory

  • 1868 Treaties with Utes to cede lands

  • Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868)

    guarantee Lakota ownership of Black Hills – “Paha Sapa”, hunting rights in Montana, Dakotas, & Wyoming and closes off Powder River to all whites forever…

  • Creation of Yellowstone National Park

    Creation of Yellowstone National Park

  • Mining Act of 1872

  • Yellowstone Park Act of 1872

    Yellowstone Park Act of 1872

  • 1873 Treaties with Utes to cede lands

  • Timber Culture Act (1873)

  • Period: to

    Black Hills War

    In 1874, gold is discovered in the Black Hills. The U.S. effectively declares war on Indians to take lands, touching off the Black Hills War, 1876-77 (Battle of Little Big Horn in June 1876).

  • Black Hills Act (1877)

    After Black Hills War ended in 1877, Congress unilaterally passed the Black Hills Act, transferring the Black Hills to U.S. ownership. The last intact Native American nation on the northern Plains was forced onto reservations.

  • Desert Land Act of 1877

    Congress attempts to help settle the arid west

  • Timber and Stone Act of 1878

  • "Utes Must Go" Campaign (1879)

    to force all Utes out of Colorado

  • US Army forces last Utes on to reservations

  • 1887 General Allotment Act

    divided up reservations into individual ownership tracts, going against traditional notions of private ownership. The act reduced Native American-held acreage by over 50%

  • Forest Reservation Act of 1891

  • Creative Act of 1891

  • Organic Act of 1897

    specifies purposes for establishing
    and managing forest reserves

  • Lacey Act of 1900

    first law to acknowledge and protect
    endangered species

  • Reclamation Act of 1902

  • US Forest Service Created

    US Forest Service Created

  • Antiquities Act of 1906

    authorizes President to designate
    National Monuments on public domain lands

  • Weeks Act of 1911

  • Hetch Hetchy Bill Passed (1913)

  • National Park Service Act of 1916

  • Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918

  • Louisiana Turpentine Seed Tree Law (1922)

  • Animal Damage Control Act of 1931

  • Taylor Grazing Act of 1934

    Designates grazing districts on remaining unrestricted public domain lands Authorizes U.S. Grazing Service (later the BLM) to set up rules and regulations for remaining unrestricted public domain lands Prohibits homesteading on remaining unrestricted public domain lands

  • Soil Conservation & Domestic Allotment Act of 1935

  • New Mexico Protection of Growing Timber (1939)

  • Oregon Forest Conservation Act (1941)

  • Massachusetts Forest Cutting Practices (1943)

  • Florida Seed Tree Law (1945)

  • Agricultural Act (1949)

    Intensive Management

  • Agricultural Act of (1954)

  • Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960

    Agencies seeks clearer direction from Congress Environmentalists unsatisfied: want permanent protection of “wilderness” areas

  • Wilderness Act of 1964

    first introduced on 1956

  • National Environmental Policy Act of 1969

  • Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970

  • Marine Mammals Protection Act of 1972

  • Clean Water Act amendments of 1972

  • Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972

  • Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972

  • Endangered Species Act of 1973

  • Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974

  • Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974

  • National Forest Management Act of 1976

  • Federal Land Policy & Mgmt. Act of 1976

  • Omnibus Wilderness Act of 1976

  • Roadless Area Rule (2001)

    January 2001, President Bill Clinton approves an administrative rule permanently protecting remaining roadless areas on national forest lands

  • BUSH Roadless Area Rule (2004)

    Replaces Clinton’s rule, July 2004
    • Allows state governor’s office to define areas