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Buccaneers Raid Granada
French, English, and Dutch pirates raid the city of Granada in 1668 and again in 1670, which was the center of Nicaragua's wealth. The raid was led by Henry Morgan, who was a very successful pirate. He and his crew went on a 200km trek through an unexplored jungle to reach Granada.
http://www.piratesinfo.com/cpi_The_King_of_All_Pirates_915.asp
The origin of this source is an article entitled "The King of all Pirates" by Krzysztof Wilczynski on the website www.piratesinfo.com -
Nicaragua Declares its Independence from Spain
All of the Central American countries declared their independence from Spain in 1823, taking the lead from Guatemala. After the countries declared their independence, Mexico tried to control the rest of Central America, but they were met with resistance.
http://countrystudies.us/nicaragua/7.htm
The origin of this source is text pulled from the U.S. Library of Congress on Nicaraguan national independence on the website www.countrystudies.us -
Leadership of Jose Santos Zelaya
The conservative Zelaya ended a 35 year period of relative peace with a cruel dictatorship. However, he helped quite a bit with economical growth and modernization during his 16 year tenure. After his tenure, he was forced out of office and exiled by his enemies.
http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/presidentscentralamerica/p/08JSZelaya.htm
The origin of this source is a biographical about.com page last updated on April 11, 2016 with no mentioned author. -
Zelaya's Fall from Power
Zelaya was essentially pushed out of office by conservatives in Nicaragua. These conservatives were backed by the U.S. marines. Zelaya was a ruthless dictator that was opposed both foreign and domestically. "Nicaragua - Conservative and Liberal Regimes, 1858-1909." Nicaragua - Conservative and Liberal Regimes, 1858-1909. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2017. The origin of this source is text pulled from the U.S. Library of Congress on Nicaraguan national independence on www.countrystudies.us. -
Formation of the National Guard
The U.S. helped Nicaragua form its own National Guard. This was in response to the isolationist views that Nicaragua was developing. People wanted the marines out, so they trained the soldiers of their tactics.
https://www.historiansagainstwar.org/resources/torture/grossman.html
The origin of this source is an article entitled "Nicaragua: A Tortured Nation" by Richard Grossman. He based this article on a chapter of a book that he wrote, and he is a professor at Northeastern Illinois University. -
Sandino's Guerrilla Warfare
Sandino led a movement to push the U.S. Marines out of Nicaragua using guerrilla warfare. The attacks were often in rural areas. He eventually made peace with the Nicaraguan government after all U.S. Marines had been removed. Laqueur, Walter. Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical & Critical Study. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1998. Print. Origin: This was a book published by Walter Laqueur in 2009. It focuses on guerrilla warfare in general, but there's a section specifically on Sandino. -
U.S. sends Marines back into Nicaragua
The U.S. decided to send Marines back in because of the potential for a Civil War. They figured that if Civil War did break out, then a leftist party would take control of the government, which was what they were trying to avoid. This decision was made by President Coolidge. Nalty, Bernard C. The United States Marines in Nicaragua. Washington, D.C.: Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1968. Print. Origin: This is a book printed in 1968 by the Dept. of the Navy. -
Somoza Garcia's Acquisition of Power as Leader of the National Guard
Somoza Garcia took advantage of the power vacuum created by the U.S. departure and took control of the National Guard. By the following year, he became fully in charge. In 1934, Augusto Sandino was assassinated by Somoza's National Guard because Somoza viewed him as a threat. http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/historyofcentralamerica/p/somozagarcia.htm The origin of this source is a biographical about.com page written by Christopher Minster, a Latin American history expert. -
President Hoover withdraws all U.S. Marines from Nicaragua
Pres. Hoover decided to remove all troops from Nicaragua because of the Great Depression, domestic pressures, and a desire to improve Latin American relations. He then handed the National Guard over to Somoza, which proved to be a horrible mistake. Schoultz, Lars. Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy toward Latin America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1998. Print. Origin: This a book written by a history professor and was published through Harvard University in 1998. -
Assassination of Sandino
Sandino was assassinated by Somoza Garcia's National Guard. This led to his presidency in later years. He was killed while leaving a house where he was conducting peace negotiations. Schroeder, Michael J. "About Nicaragua: Who Was Augusto César Sandino?" About Nicaragua: Who Was Augusto César Sandino? N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2017. The origin of this source is a website that fights for social and economic justice in Nicaragua. The "Nicaragua Solidarty Campaign" is based out of the UK. -
Somoza's Presidency
Somozo Garcia forced his uncle to resign as President and commanded Congress to name his the successor. He became the dictator of Nicaragua, and he stayed in power for 20 consecutive years. He also stripped all opposing political parties of their power.
http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/historyofcentralamerica/p/somozagarcia.htm The origin of this source is a biographical about.com page written by Christopher Minster, a Latin American history expert. -
Somoza's Assissination
Somoza Garcia was assassinated by a young poet and musician named Rigoberto Lopez. He was shot in the chest and died later in the hospital. http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/historyofcentralamerica/p/somozagarcia.htm The origin of this source is a biographical about.com page written by Christopher Minster, a Latin American history expert. -
Somoza Garcia's Successor
After he was assassinated in 1956, Luis Somoza Debayle took over as President of Nicaragua 10 years later. Somoza Garcia was the head of the National Guard, which was considered a prerequisite for becoming the President. He came into after 10 years because his brother was of poor health. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anastasio-Somoza-Debayle This was an article published on Britannica's website, last updated on 12/16/2009, was written by the editors of the Encyclopedia of Britannica.
