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Period: to
Asia
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Period: to
Africa
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(Africa) Political
Technological advances facilitated European expansion overseas. Industrialization brought about rapid advancements in transportation and communication, especially in the forms of steamships, railways, and telegraphs -
(Africa) Social
The Congo Free State imposed such a terror regime on the colonized people, including mass killings and forced labour, that Belgium, under pressure from the Congo Reform Association, ended Leopold II's rule and annexed it on 20 August 1908 as a colony of Belgium, known as the Belgian Congo -
(Africa) Economic
With the decline of the European colonial empires in the wake of both world wars, most of their African possessions achieved independence during the Cold War. However, the old imperial boundaries and economic systems imposed by the Scramble continue to affect the politics and economies of African countries. -
(Africa) Environmental
Surplus capital was often more profitably invested overseas, where cheap materials, limited competition, and abundant raw materials made a greater premium possible. Another inducement for imperialism arose from the demand for raw materials, especially ivory, rubber, palm oil, cocoa, diamonds, tea, and tin. Additionally, Britain wanted control of areas of the southern and eastern coasts of Africa for stopover ports on the route to Asia and its empire in India. -
(Asia) Environmental
The Burmese economy, long based on subsistence farming, shifted drastically to a large-scale export economy. A policy called Cultuurstelsel, applied in Indonesia forces farmers to grow export crops. -
(Asia) Political
Under colonial domination, however, ancient monuments and texts are closely studied, preserved, and restored. Angkor Wat, for instance, was rediscovered in the mid-nineteenth century, and the monuments of Cham, in Vietnam, came to public attention in 1885. -
(Asia) Social
While most of the population in this period are Muslim, Buddhist, or Christian, Southeast Asia is also home to a diversity of indigenous peoples who share aspects of their language, art, and culture with the Polynesians, Micronesians, and other Pacific Island groups. -
(Asia) Economic
The Burmese economy, long based on subsistence farming, shifted drastically to a large-scale export economy. A policy called Cultuurstelsel, applied in Indonesia forces farmers to grow export crops. -
(India) Economic
Incidentally, several other terms came into English usage during The Raj: bangle, dungaree, khaki, pundit, seersucker, jodhpurs, cushy, pajamas, and many more. -
(India) Political
In the 1800s English power expanded in India, as it would until the mutinies of 1857-58. After those very violent spasms things would change, yet Britain was still in control. And India was very much an outpost of the mighty British Empire. -
(India) Social
After several attempts to open trade with a powerful ruler of India failed in the earliest years of the 1600s, King James I of England sent a personal envoy, Sir Thomas Roe, to the court of the Mogul emperor Jahangir in 1614. The emperor was incredibly wealthy and lived in an opulent palace. And he was not interested in trade with Britain as he couldn't imagine the British had anything he wanted. -
(India) Environmental
One of the most influential Mogul emperors was Jahangir's son Shah Jahan, who ruled from 1628 to 1658. He expanded the empire accumulated enormous treasure, and made Islam the official religion. When his wife died he had the Taj Mahal built as a tomb for her. -
(China) Economic
When the industrializing European states attempted to entice China into the newly forming world economy in the late 1700s and early 1800s, their overtures were rebuffed. -
(China) Political
When the industrializing European states attempted to entice China into the newly forming world economy in the late 1700s and early 1800s, their overtures were rebuffed. -
(China) Social
China's decline in the 19th century was due to both internal problems and Western impInternal problems. China's population increased to over 450 million, which led to land shortages and famine. With the increase in population, it worsened the economic state, which led to uprisings in some parts of China -
(China) Environmental
The wars also forced the opening of treaty ports for international trade and large foreign concessions. China tried to modernize the military and learn the secrets of Western ideas but failed. Coastal areas dealt with European missionaries and merchants. While the interior areas dealt with increased friction between ethnicities and beliefs. -
(Japan) Social
According to Fukuzawa, civilization is the achievement of both material well-being and the elevation of the human spirit. He believed that civilization is relative. Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) is considered one of Japan's greatest men -
(Japan) Economic
The Pacific region has experienced internal migration, external migration, disasters, and climate change. Internal migration within small island states has led to the population moving to cities and urban areas. -
(Japan) Environmental
external migration led to the population moving to cities in larger Pacific states, such as Australia and New Zealand. The devastating effects of disasters and climate change forces people to leave their homes. Depopulation occurred due to the introduced diseases. -
(Japan) Political
Japan was able to master the challenges that the West presented. Japan embraced industrialization after the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry in 1853