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Introduction to Regional Alliances
After World War II, the West, including the U.S., formed NATO to address the threat of a resurgent Soviet Union, which countered with the Warsaw Pact. Other regional alliances were formed - SEATO, CENTO - to inhibit the spread of communism. When the Cold War ended, many of these alliances dissolved. This time line explores the evolution of regional alliances.
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Article 5 of the NATO Charter
Article 5 says, each member promises that in the event of an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America, that it shall be considered an attack on them all, and that in their exercise of collective self-defense will assist the party or parties attacked by taking appropriate action, including the use of armed force.
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NATO Established
The United States, Canada and Britain discussed a new collective security alliance since the United Nations had proved to be ineffective because of Cold War politics. The following nations signed the NATO Pact: U.S.; Belgium; Canada; Denmark; France; Great Britain; Iceland; Italy; Luxembourg; the Netherlands; Norway and Portugal.
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SEATO Established
The Southeast Asia Treaty organization was established in response to the threat of communist expansion manifested through military actions in Korea and Indochina. Its purpose was self-help and mutual aid. It had no standing forces. Its members were: Australia; France; New Zealand; Pakistan (withdrew in 1968); Philippines; Thailand; UK and the US. It formally ended on June 30, 1977.
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Warsaw Treaty
The Warsaw Pact, strengthened Russian control over the satellite nations: Albania (withdrew in 1968); Czechoslovakia;East Germany (withdrew 1990); Hungary; Poland; and Romania. The Pact is to counter NATO and was in reaction to West Germany's entry into NATO. It ends in 1991.
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CENTO
The Central Treaty Organization was a mutual security organization composed of Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and Great Britain. Its purpose was to deter the expansion of the Soviet Union into vital oil producing regions. CENTO dissolved after the fall of the shah in 1979.
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Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (Treaty of Tlatelolco)
Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (also known as the Treaty of Tlatelolco) obligates Latin American parties not to acquire or possess nuclear weapons, nor to permit the storage or deployment of nuclear weapons on their territories by other countries
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Cold War Ends
The Cold War ends with the dissolution of the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev. NATO absorbs nations from the Eastern Bloc; NATO re-imagines itself to apply beyond member nations; NATO enters armed conflict for the first time (1995 and 1999). https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=photo%20of%20gorbochev%20and%20Bush&qs=n&form=QBIR&sp=-1&pq=photo%20of%20gorbochev%20and%20bush&sc=0-27&sk=&cvid=88047C65741D4BDFBC7E02D18F7960D5 -
The Formation of the European Union
In 1950, the European Coal and Steel Community begins to unite European countries economically and politically in order to secure lasting peace and to integrate their economies. In 1992, The European Union is formally created by the Treaty of Maastricht. In 2009, the EU adds Article 42(7) to its charter which deals with the collective security of EU members. It complements Article 5 of the NATO charter, and is invoked by France in 2015.
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Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
CSTO is a military alliance consisting of Russia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Belarus. It holds annual military command exercises to facilitate intergovernmental cooperation.
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Armed Conflict in Former Yugoslavia
NATO used air-strikes against Bosnian-Serb positions in 1995; and against Serbia in 1999. 60,000 NATO troops deployed in region to keep the peace. The conflict did not involve a member state.
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September 1, 2001 and the War on Terror
After the terrorist attacks on the U.S., NATO members for the first time unanimously invoke Article 5 in defense of the United States. This leads to a NATO peace-keeping force in Afghanistan, assisting Afghanistan government to expand its authority and influence throughout country. . http://i.infopls.com/images/mafghan.gif -
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
Members are: China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan. The Organization’s primary objectives are promoting cooperation on security-related issues, namely to combat the “three evils” of terrorism, separatism, and extremism.
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Peace and Security Council (PSC) of the African Union
The PSC is the standing organ for the African Union. Its purpose is to promote peace, security and stability in Africa. The PSC's core functions include conducting early warning and preventive diplomacy, facilitate peace making, and recommend intervention in member states to promote peace, security and stability. https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=African+Union+Emblems&FORM=RESTAB -
The Union of South American Nations (USAN)
USAN is modeled after the European Union and has twelve members: Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Chile; Colombia; Ecuador; Guyana; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname; Uruguay; and Venezuela.
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Article 42(7) of Lisbon Treaty
Under Article 42(7) of the Lisbon Treaty, EU members may request that members come to their support when a member is a victim of armed aggression on its territory. France made a request after the 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris. As NATO's effectiveness wanes, the EU will become more important in ensuring collective security in Europe.
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NATO, EU and US Respond to Russian Intervention into the Ukranine
NATO members support the economic sanctions imposed by the U.S. and the European Union against Russia for its intervention in Ukraine. The EU is becoming more involved in collective security issues.This is a significant development in collective security where NATO is joined by a organization focused on economic integration. http://theglobalstate.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Ukraine-Map.jpg -
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) (Iran Nuclear Agreement)
The JCPOA requires Iran to cease all activities towards making nuclear weapons; sets up an independent monitoring regime; lifts economic sanctions; and provides for mechanisms rapidly resolving issues. The EU, US, China and Russia and Iran are parties to this unique agreement.
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The Future of Regional Alliances
After WWII, regional alliances were standing organizations,such as NATO, SEATO and CENTO. However, their purposes diminished after the end of the Cold War, and the decline of the communist threat. Now only NATO remains active. In their place, ad hoc coalitions have formed to address regional crises such as "The Coalition of the Willing" (Afghanistan), the JCPOA (Iran), and to issue sanctions against Russia for its invasion into the Ukraine. The EU has emerged as a collective security partner.
